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Chapter 8 Snow College
Embryology
54
Anatomy
Not Applicable
09/14/2010

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Term
what is the process which results in these cells specializing?
Definition
Differentiation
Term
what is the medical term for a fertilized egg?
Definition
Zygote
Term
The approximately 100 trillion cells the make up the human body arise form what process of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells?
Definition
Mitosis
Term
What scientific discipline focuses on the developmental events that take place between conception and birth?
Definition
Embryology
Term
What is the 38 week period of development in the female reproductive system?
Definition
Prenatal Period
Term
What is the study of development during this period?
Definition
Embryogenesis
Term
What is the biological specialty that studies anatomical and physiological changes from the conception of a new individual to that individuals death?
Definition
Developmental Biology
Term
What are the three periods of develpment form the momoent of conception to birth?
Definition
Pre-Embryonic,
Embryonic,
Fetal Period
Term
what are haploid cells which are capable of producing a new diploid individual?
Definition
Gametes
Term
what are diplloid cells which are distinguished from the above cells?
Definition
Somatic
Term
what is the distinguishing characteristic of human diploid cells?
Definition
Has 23 pairs of chromosomes
Term
what is the distinguishing characteristic of human haploid cells?
Definition
Has 23 chromosomes only
Term
what type of cell division produces haploid cells?
Definition
Meiosis
Term
What type of cell division functions in growth, cell replacement, and wound healing?
Definition
Mitosis
Term
How do these two types of cell division differ?
Definition
produces 2 types of daughter cells that are identical to the parent
Meiosis- produces daughter cells that are different to the parent
Term
Where in the body does reduction division occur?
Definition
Gonads
Term
why is reduction division important?
Definition
it remains the correct number of chromosomes
it produces varation
Term
what is a fertalized egg?
Definition
Zygote
Term
what period of development ranges from the moment of conception until the completion of implantation into the uterine wall?
Definition
Pre-embryonic Period
Term
what process restores the diploid number of chromosomes determines the sex of the indidvual and initiates cleavage?
Definition
Fertilization
Term
what does fertalization usually take place?
Definition
Widest part of the uterine tube the "ampulla"
Term
What series of synchroized mitotic divisions results in an increase in the number of cells?
Definition
Cleavage
Term
What is the compacte 16-cell stage of development?
Definition
Morula
Term
In what stage do the products of conception enter the uterus?
Definition
Morula
Term
What stage of development occurs as fluids enter products of conception?
Definition
Blastocyst
Term
What are the two distinct components of the fluid-filled sphere?
Definition
Trophoblast
Embryoblast
Term
Which of the two distinct components of the blastocyst becomes the embryo?
Definition
Embryoblast
Term
What is the process by which the blastocyst burrows into and embeds within the endometrium?
Definition
Implantation
Term
When does implantation begin?
Definition
By about day 7
Term
The inner cell mass (embryoblast) divides into two cell layers that form a flat disc. What is the anatomical term for this disc?
Definition
Blastodisc
Term
What is the collective term for the membranes formed to mediate exchange between the uterus and embryo?
Definition
Extraembryonic Membranes
Term
which membrane forms first and is involved in the formation of blood cells and blood vessels?
Definition
Yolk Sac
Term
Which membrane forms a fluid filled sac immediately around the embryo?
Definition
Amnion
Term
Which membrane is outermost and eventually forms the placenta?
Definition
Chorion
Term
What is the organ of exchange between the mother and the embryo?
Definition
Placenta
Term
What two layers of tissue contribute to its formation?
Definition
Chorion
Functional layer of Uterus
Term
what structure intitally connects the embryo to the organ of exchange?
Definition
connecting stalk
Term
What does the connecting stalk develope into?
Definition
Umbilical Cord
Term
What stalklike structure form from the chorion?
Definition
Chorionic Villi
Term
In the placenta do the mother's blood and the embryo's blood mix?
Definition
No
Term
What is the common name for the placenta?
Definition
Afterbirth
Term
What process results in the formation of three primary germ layers?
Definition
Gastrulation
Term
What are the three primary germ layers?
Definition
-ectoderm
-mesoderm
-endoderm
Term
Using the definition of the authors of your text when does the blastocyst become an embryo?
Definition
Once the three layers have formed, then the trilaminar structure may be called an embryo
Term
The embryo is initially a flat disc, when does it begin to become a cylinder?
Definition
late third-fourth weeks of development
Term
What type of folding results in the formation of the head and buttocks?
Definition
Cephalocaudal Folding
Term
what type of folding results in the formation of the torso?
Definition
Transverse Folding
Term
What structures form from the ectoderm?
Definition
Nervous system tissue, epidermis of the skin, and epidermal derivatives such as hair and nails
Term
What inductive action transfoms a portion of the ectoderm into a hollow tube which develops into the nervous system?
Definition
Neurulation
Term
what structures form from the mesoderm?
Definition
Dermis, Epithelial linings, muscle, connective tissue, adrenal cortex, dentin, heart, kidney, ureters, internal reproductive organs, spleen
Term
What structures form the endoderm?
Definition
Epithelial lining of the respiratory tract, GI tract, tympanic cavity, auditory tube, urinary bladder and urethra, most of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thymus, tonisls, portioins of parathyroid glands; thyroid glands
Term
what is the process by which organs develop?
Definition
organogenesis
Term
What are substances that may cause birth defects?
Definition
teratogens
Term
During what time period does the fetal period occur?
Definition
Third month (9 weeks) to birth
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