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chapter 7
skeletal tissue
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/26/2009

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Term
sesamoid bone
Definition
bones that
grow within a tendon to increase the mechanical
advantage at that joint.Function is to provide strong support without cumbersome
weight
Term
206
Definition
adults have ____ bones not counting sesamoid bones
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
main shaft of long bone,hollow thick cylinder bone.
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
both ends of long bones,made mostly of cancellous bone
filled with marrow.Bulbous shape (endure stress).
Function is to provide attachments for muscles and give
stability to joints
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular
surface of epiphyses. function is to cushion
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone
. Attaches tendons firmly to bones
. Contains cells that form and destroy bone
.Contains blood vessels important in growth and
repair
Term
Medullary cavity
Definition
marrow cavity, Tubelike, hollow space in the diaphysis, filled with yellow marrow in adults
Term
endosteum
Definition
thin, fibrous membrane that lines the
medullary cavity
Term
flat bone
Definition
Inner portion is cancellous bone covered on the
outside with compact bone
Term
diploë
Definition
inner cancellous region of cranial flat bone
Term
hydroxyapatite
Definition
crystals of calcium and phosphate
contribute to bone hardness; inorganic salt
Term
ground substance
Definition
composite of collagenous fibers and
proteins and polysaccharides. secreted by connective tissue cells. organic matrix
Term
clinical view: Osteogenesis imperfecta
Definition
• Collagen improperly formed.
• Six forms; all genetic
• Bones fracture easily. Fractures often present at birth, and xrays
may reveal healed fractures that occurred before birth.
• Short stature.
• Sclera have a blue, purple, or gray tint.
• Loose joints and poor muscle development in arms and legs.
• Barrel-shaped rib cage.
• Triangular face.
• Spinal curvature.
• Respiratory problems possible.
• Bone deformity, often severe.
• Brittle teeth possible.
• Hearing loss possible.
Term
osteons, or haversian
systems
Definition
Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped
structural units
Term
lamellae
Definition
concentric cylinder-shaped layers of calcified
matrix around the central canal
Term
lucanae
Definition
small spaces containing tissue fluid
in which bone cells are located between hard
layers of the lamella
Term
canaliculi
Definition
ultra-small canals radiating in all
directions from the lacunae and connecting them
to each other and to the central canal
Term
Central (osteonal or Haversian) canal
Definition
extends
lengthwise through the center of each osteon;
contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Term
cancellous bone
Definition
contain trabeculae, not osteons
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
bone-forming cells, produce matrix
and called osteocytes when mature and surrounded
by matrix. (remove minerals from blood)
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
bone mineral eroding/dissolving cells that add minerals to blood
Term
fact.
Definition
Every 7 years you have a “new” skeleton
Term
98
Definition
skeletal system storehouse for __% of calcium reserves
Term
Bone formation, remodeling, and repair
Blood clotting
Transmission of nerve impulses
Maintenance of skeletal and cardiac muscle
contraction
Definition
Homeostasis of calcium ion concentration essential
for
Term
myeloid tissue
Definition
Type of soft, diffuse connective tissue;
Term
marrow
Definition
blood cell production site
Term
red marrow
Definition
Found in virtually all bones in an infant’s or child’s
body
Produces red blood cells
Term
yellow marrow
Definition
As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced by this.
Marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no
longer active in blood cell production
Term
ribs, bodies of the vertebrae, humerus,
pelvis, and femur
Definition
bones in adults that still contain red marrow
Term
oteogenesis
Definition
development of bone from small
cartilage model to adult bone
Term
intramembraneous ossification
Definition
– Occurs within a connective tissue membrane
– Flat bones begin when groups of cells differentiate
into osteoblasts
– Osteoblasts secrete matrix material and collagenous
fibrils
– Fontanels don’t close until the head slows growth
and the ossification process “catches up”
– Large amounts of ground substance accumulate
around each osteoblast
– Collagenous fibers become embedded in the ground
substance and constitute the bone matrix
– Bone matrix calcifies when calcium salts are
deposited
– Trabeculae appear and join in a network to form
spongy bone
– Appositional growth occurs by adding osseous tissue
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
Most bones begin as a
cartilage model with bone formation spreading essentially
from the center to the ends
Term
rickets
Definition
deficient bone ossification due to
vitamin D deficiency
Term
Bones grow in length and diameter by the combined
action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Definition
Primary osteons develop within early woven bone... then...
Term
callus
Definition
special repair tissue that binds the
broken ends of the fracture together
Term
fracture hematoma
Definition
blood clot occurring
immediately after the fracture, which is then
resorbed and replaced by callus
Term
mid 20s
Definition
skeleton fully ossifies by..
Term
I=exercise D=pregnancy, deficient nutrition, illness
Definition
adult bone strength and density increase? decrease?
Term
connective tissue
Definition
advanced adulthood hard bone is replaced with..
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