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| Skull bones, auditory ossicles (ear bones), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum (breastbone), and bones of the vertebral column |
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| Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs (extremities), plus the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton |
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Greater length than width and are slightly curved for strength
Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges |
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Cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width
Carpal, tarsal |
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Thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone tissue enclosing a layer of spongy bone tissue
Cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae |
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Complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the previous categories
Vertebrae, hip bones, some facial bones, calcaneus |
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Protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
Patellae, foot, hand |
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| Small bones located in sutures of cranial bones |
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| Allow the passage of blood vessels and nerves or form joints |
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| Projections or outgrowths that form joints or serve as attachment points for ligaments and tendons |
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Narrow Slit between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels pass
EX: Superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid Bone |
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Opening through which blood vessels, nerves or ligaments pass
EX: Optic foramen of the sphenoid bone |
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Shallow Depression
EX: Coronoid fossa of the humerus |
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Furrow along a bone surface that accomodates a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon
EX: Intertubular sulcus of the humerus |
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Tubelike Opening
Ex: External auditory meatus of the temporal bone |
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Large, round protuberance at the end of a bone
EX: Lateral condyle of the femur |
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Smooth flat articular surface
EX: Superior articular facet of a vertebra |
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Rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone
EX: Head of the femur |
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Prominent ridge or elongated projection
EX: iliac crest of the hip bone |
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Projection above a condyle
EX: Medial epicondyle of the femur |
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Long narrow ridge or border (less prominent than a crest)
EX: Linea aspera of the femur |
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Sharp slender projection
EX: Spinous process of a vertebra |
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Very large projection
EX: Greater trochanter of the femur |
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Small rounded projection
EX: Greater tubercle of the humerus |
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Large rounded,usually roughened projection
EX: Ischial tuberosity of the hip bone |
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Eight cranial bones form the cranial cavity
Frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, the occipital bone, the sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone |
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Fourteen facial bones form the face
Two nasal bones, two maxillae, two zygomatic bones, the mandible, two lacrimal bones, two palatine bones, two inferior nasal conchae, vomer |
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Term
| Besides forming the large cranial cavity, the skull also forms several smaller cavities |
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Definition
Nasal cavity
Orbits (eye sockets)
Paranasal sinuses
Small cavities which house organs involved in hearing and equilibrium |
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Definition
| Immovable joints fuse most of the skull bones together |
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| Form the sides and roof of the cranial cavity |
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| Form the lateral aspects and floor of the cranium |
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| Forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium |
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| Lies at the middle part of the base of the skull |
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Definition
Located on the midline in the anterior part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits
A major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity
Contain thin projections called conchae which are lined by mucous membranes
Increased surface area in the nasal cavity helps to humidify inhaled air trapping inhaled particles |
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| Form the bridge of the nose |
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Form the upper jawbone
Form most of the hard palate
Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity |
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| commonly called cheekbones, form the prominences of the cheeks |
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| Form a part of the medial wall of each orbit |
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| Form the posterior portion of the hard palate |
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| Form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity |
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| Forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum |
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Lower jawbone
The largest, strongest facial bone
The only movable skull bone |
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Definition
Divides the interior of the nasal cavity into right and left sides
“Broken nose,” in most cases, refers to septal damage rather than the nasal bones themselves |
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| Openings for blood vessels , nerves , or ligaments of the skull |
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Cavities within cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity
Secretions produced by the mucous membranes which line the sinuses, drain into the nasal cavity
Serve as resonating chambers that intensify and prolong sounds |
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Term
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Definition
Areas of unossified tissue
At birth, unossified tissue spaces, commonly called “soft spots” link the cranial bones
Eventually, they are replaced with bone to become sutures
Provide flexibility to the fetal skull, allowing the skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal |
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Term
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Definition
Does not articulate with any other bone
Supports the tongue, providing attachment sites for some tongue muscles and for muscles of the neck and pharynx
The hyoid bone also helps to keep the larynx (voice box) open at all times |
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Term
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Definition
Also called the spine, backbone, or spinal column
Functions to:
Protect the spinal cord
Support the head
Serve as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and muscles
The vertebral column is curved to varying degrees in different locations
Curves increase the column strength
Help maintain balance in the upright position
Absorb shocks during walking, and help protect the vertebrae from fracture |
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Term
| Vertebral Column (Intervertebral Discs) |
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Definition
Found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae
Functions to:
Form strong joints
Permit various movements of the vertebral column
Absorb vertical shock |
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Term
| Vertebrae typically consist of: |
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Definition
A Body (weight bearing)
A vertebral arch (surrounds the spinal cord)
Several processes (points of attachment for muscles) |
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Definition
Cervical vertebrae (C1–C7)
The atlas (C1) is the first cervical vertebra
The axis (C2) is the second cervical vertebra |
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Definition
Thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12)
Articulate with the ribs |
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Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5)
Provide for the attachment of the large back muscles |
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Definition
The sacrum is a triangular bone formed by the union of five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5)
Serves as a strong foundation for the pelvic girdle |
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Definition
The coccyx, like the sacrum, is triangular in shape
It is formed by the fusion of usually four coccygeal vertebrae |
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Term
| Thoracic cage is formed by the: |
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Definition
Sternum
Ribs
Costal cartilages
Thoracic vertebrae
Functions to:
Enclose and protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Provide support for the bones of the upper limbs
Play a role in breathing |
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Definition
“Breastbone” located in the center of the thoracic wall
Consists of the manubrium, body, xiphoid process |
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| Twelve pairs of ribs give structural support to the sides of the thoracic cavity |
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| Costal cartilages contribute to the elasticity of the thoracic cage |
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