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Chapter 7 medical term
Repiratory System
119
Anatomy
Graduate
09/26/2009

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Term
Carbon Dioxide
Definition
Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during the metabolic process.  A product of cell respiration, CO2 is carried by the blood to the lungs and exhaled
Term
Cartilage
Definition
Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone.  The tip of the nose and the outer ear are composed of cartilage
Term
cilia
Definition

Any hairlike structure

Cilia in the trachea move particles upward to the pharynx, wehre they are removed by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing.  This mechanism is called the cilia escalator.  Habitual smoking destroys the cilia escalator.

Term
Diffuse
Definition
Moving or spreading out of a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
State in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain a constant internal environment.  The regulatory mechanisms of the body control temperature, acidity, and the concentration of salt, food, and waste products.
Term
Mucous membrane
Definition
moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa.
Term
oxygen
Definition
Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration.  Oxygen makes up about one fifth by volume of the atmosphere
Term
pH
Definition
symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.  Increasing acidity is expressed as a number less than 7; increasing alkalinity as a number greater than 7, with 7 being neutral
Term
septum
Definition
wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils.
Term
serous membrane
Definition
Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist, also called serosa.
Term
mediastinum
Definition
space between right and left lungs.  Contains the heart, aorta, esophagus, and bronchi.
Term
Pleura
Definition
serous membrane that covers the lobes of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity.  The membrane lying closest to the lung is the visceral pleura; the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity is the parietal pleura.  The space between these two membranes is the pleural cavity
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
lies between the chest and abdominal cavities and assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity to produce the needed pressure differential for ventilation.  when it contracts, partially descends into the abdominal cavity, thus decreasing the pressure within the chest and drawing air into the lungs (inspiration).  When the diaphragm relaxes, is slowly reenters the thoracic cavity, thus increasing pressure within the chest.  As pressure increases, air leaves the lungs.
Term
Pulmonary ventilation
Definition
more commonly called breathing, largely involuntary action that moves air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration), the lungs in response to changes in blood Ox and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Term
external respiration
Definition
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
Term
transport of respiratory gases
Definition
occurs when blood, aided by the cardiovascular system transports carbon dioxide to the lungs and oxygen to body cells.
Term
internal respiration
Definition
excahnge of oxygen and carbon dioxide between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries
Term

nas/o

rhin/o

Definition
nose
Term
sept/o
Definition
septum
Term
sinus/o
Definition

sinus, cavity

sinustomy is performed to improve ventilation or drainage in unresponsive sinusitis

Term
adenoid/o
Definition

adenoids

adenoidectomy

Term
tonsill/o
Definition

tonsils

i.e. peritonsillar

Term
pharyng/o
Definition

pharynx(throat)

i.e. pharyng/o/scope - instrument for examining the pharynx.

Term
epiglott/o
Definition

epiglottis

i.e. epiglottitis: becaue the epiglottis seals the passageway traveled by air to and from the lungs, inflammation can lead to severe airway obstruction and death.  Epiglottitis is treated as a medical emergency.

Term
Laryng/o
Definition

larynx (voice box)

i.e. laryngoplegia

Term
bronchio/o
Definition

bronchus

i.e. bronchiectasis (dilation of one or more bronchi- bronchiectasis is associated with various lung conditions and is commonly accompanied by chronic infection.

i.e. bronchoscope: A flexible tube that is passed through the nose or mouth and enables inspection of the lungs and collection of tissue biopsies and secretions for analysis

Term
alveol/o
Definition
alveoli
Term
pleur/o
Definition

pleura

i.e. pleurocentesis: surgical puncture of the pleural cavity; also called thoracocentisis or throacentesis.

Term

pneum/o

phenumon/o

Definition

air, lung

pneumectomy: excision of lung

pneumnoia: condition of inflammation of the lungs. The usual causes of pnemonia are infections due to bacteria, viruses, or other pathogenic organisms.

 

Term
pulmon/o
Definition

lung

i.e. pulmonologist: specialist in the study and treatment of lungs.

Term
anthrac/o
Definition

coal, coal dust

anthracosis: abnormal condition of coal dust in the lung.  Anthracosis is a chronic occupational disease found in coal miners and those associated with the coal industry.

Term
atel/o
Definition

incomplete; imperfect

i.e. atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lung; also called airless lung or collapsed lung.

 

Term
coni/o
Definition

dust

i.e. pneumoconiosis: condition of dust in the lungs.

pneumonoconiosis is usually caused by mineral dusts of occupational or enviornemental origin.  Forms of pnemonoconiosis include silicosis, asbestiosis, and anthracosis

Term
cyan/o
Definition

blue

cyanosis: abnormal condition of blueness

cold temps, heart failure, lung diseases, and smothering causes unusual blueness of the skin and mucous membranes due to the buid-up of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Term
lob/o
Definition

lobe

i.e. lobectomy

lobectomies are performed when a malignancy is confined to a single lobe of any lobed organ, such as the lungs, liver, brain, and thyroid gland.

Term
orth/o
Definition

straight

orthopnea: breathing in a straight or upright position.  Various lung disorders cause a patient to experience difficulty breathing in any position other than sitting or standing erect.

Term

ox/i

ox/o

Definition

oxygen

oximeter: instrument used for measuring oxygen

An oximeter is usually attached to the tip of a finger but may also be placed on a toe or ear lobe.  It provides a measurement of the oxygen saturation level of the blood.

 

Term
pector/o
Definition

chest

pectoralgia: pain in the chest; also called thoracalgia, thoacodynia, and pectordynia.

Term
steth/o
Definition

chest

i.e. stethoscope: instrument used for examining the chest

Term

thorac/o

 

Definition

chest

i.e. thoarcopathy: disease of chest

Term
phern/o
Definition

diagphragm; mind

Phrenospasm: involuntary contraction of the diaphragm

Term
spir/o
Definition

breathe

spirometer: instrumetn for measuring breathing.

A spirometer measures how much air the lungs can hold (vital capacity) as well as how much and how quickly air can be exhaled.

Term
-capnia
Definition

carbon dioxide

i.e. hypercapnia: excessive carbon dioxide

Term
-osmia
Definition

smell

anosmia: without the sense of smell

Term
-osmia
Definition

smell

anosmia

without the sense of smell

Term
-phonia
Definition

voice

dysphonia.  bad voice quality including hoarseness, voice fatigue, or decreased projection

Term
-pnea
Definition
breathing
Term
-ptysiss
Definition

spitting

hemoptysis: spitting of blood.  Bloody sputum is usually a sign of a serious condition of the lungs.

Term
-thorax
Definition

chest

pyothorax

py/o - pus

pyothrorax is usually caused by a penetrating chest wound or spreading of infection from another part of the body.

Term
brady-
Definition
slow
Term
dys-
Definition
bad or painful
Term
eu-
Definition
good, normal
Term
tachy-
Definition
rapid
Term
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Definition
includes respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages.  Patient finds it difficult to breath, especially upon exertion and usually exhibits a chronic cough.  3 main disorders of COPD = asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
Term
Asthma
Definition

COPD, produces spasms in the bronchial passages that may be sudden and violent (paroxysmal) and lead to dyspnea.  commonly caused by exposure to allergens or irritants. also caused by stress, cold, and exercize.  During recovery, coughing episodes produce large amounts of mucus. 

Txs include agents that loosen and break down mucus (mucolytics) and medications that expand the bronchi (bronchodilators)

Term
Chronic bronchitis
Definition

inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution.  Characterized by swelling of the mucosa and a heavy, productive cough, commonly accompanied by chest pain.

Txs bronchodialators and expectorants help to widen air passages.  Steroids may be prescribed if the disease progresses or becomes chronic.

Term
Emphysema
Definition
characterized by decreased elasticity of the alveoli.  The alveloi expand (dilate) but are unable to contract to their original size.  Often found in long term heavy smokers.  Find it easier to breathe when sitting upright or standing erect (orthopnea).  Tx similar to that of chronic bronchitis
Term
Influenza
Definition

Flu is an acute infectious respiratory viral disease.  Three major viral types are responsible. Type A is associated with world wide epidemics (pandemics) and its causative organism is highly infectious (virulent)  Occurs approximately ever 2 to 3 years.

Type B limited geographically and tends to be less severe than type A.  Both undergo antigenic changes, and new vaccines must be developed in anticipation of outbreaks.  Type C is mild and not associated with epidemics.

 

S&S: rapid onset, fever, chills, headache, generalized muscle pain (myalgia) and loss of appetite, recovery in about 7-10 dya.s

Term
Pleural Effusions
Definition

Any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity, the space between the visceral and parietal pleura. 

Techinques for diagnosing = Auscultation (listening of sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope.

Percussion = gentle tapping the chest with the fingers and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of the underlying structures.

Effusions are transudates (noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein relting from imbalance in venous arterial pressure or decrease of protein in blood. or Exudate (usually high in proteinand often contains blood and immune cells.  Common causes includ tumors, infections, and inflammation.  Various types of pleural effusions include serum (hydrothorax), pus (empyema or pyothorax) and blood (hemothorax).  Pneumothorax = air entering the pleural space resulting in a partial or complete collapse of a lung.

Term
Tuberculosis
Definition
communicable disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread by droples of respiratory secretions (droplet nuclei) from infected individual when coughing laughing or sneezing.  Can stay alive for 6-8 months outside the body.
Term
Pneumonia
Definition

Inflammatory disease of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.  Fatal pneumonias include those caused by influenza, food or liquid inhalation (aspiration pneumnoia).

S&S = chest pain, mucopurulent sputum, and spitting of blood (hemoptysis).  If air in lungs is replaced by fluid and inflammatory debris, lung tissue looses its spongy texture and becomes swollen and engorged.

Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition

hereditory disorder of the exocrine glands that cause the body to secrete extremely thick (viscous) mucus which clogs the ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract imapiring digestion and causing malnutrition.  Also blocks ducts of sweat glands causing skin to become highly salty.  IN the lungs, mucus blocks airways and impedes natural disease fighting mechanisms, causing repeated infections.  TX = medication in the form of mists (aerosols) along with postural drainage provide relief.

This disease is fatal.

Term
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Definition

Condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient, resulting from very serious lung conditions, such as trauma, severe pneumonia, and other major infections that affect the entire body (systemic infections) or blood (sepsis)

Alveoli fill with fluid (edema) caused by inflammation, and then collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible. Mechanical ventialation is required to save the life.

 

Hyaline membrane disease (HMD) sometimes called infant respiratory distress syndrome caused by insufficient surfactant S&S = cyanosis of extremities and flaring of the nostrils, tachypnea, intercostal retraction, and a characteristic grunt audible during exhalation.

Term
Acidosis
Definition

Excessive acidity of body fluids

Respiratory acidosis is commonly associated with pulmonary insufficiency and the subsequent retention of carbon dioxide

Term
Anosmia
Definition

Absence of the sense of smell

Acidosis usually occurs as a temporary condition resulting from an upper respiratory infection or a condition that causes intranasal swelling.

Term
Apnea
Definition

Temporary loss of breathing

There are three types of apnea: obstructive (enlarged tonsils and adenoids) central(failure of the brain to transmit impulses for breathing) and mixed (combination of obstructive and central apnea).  Sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measureable blood deoxygenation

Term
Asphyxia
Definition

phyxia: pulse

Condition caused by insufficent intake of oxygen.  Some common causes of asphyxia are drowning, electric shock, lodging of a foreign body in the respiratory tract, inhalation of toxic smoke, and poisoning.

Term
Atelectasis
Definition

atel (imperfect, incomplete)

ectasis: dilation, expansion

Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung

Atelectasis is a potential complication of some surgical procedures, especially those of the chest becasue breathing is commonly shallow after surgery to avoid pain from the surgical incision.  In fetal atelectasis, the lungs fail to expand normally at birth.

Term
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Definition
Repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all.  Chyne-Stokes respirations are usually caused by diseases that affect the respiratory centers of the brain (such as heart failure and brain damage)
Term
compliance
Definition

Ease with which lung tissue can be stretched

Low compliance means lungs are less elastic; therefore, more effort is required to inflate the lungs.

Term
Coryza
Definition
Head cold; upper respiratory infection (URI)
Term
Crackle
Definition
abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale
Term
Croup
Definition

Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and sometimes lungs

S&S include resonant barking cough with suffocative, difficult breathing, laryngeal spasms, and sometimes the narrowing of the top of the air passages.

Term
Deviated nasal septum
Definition
displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils
Term
epiglottitis
Definition

Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 -12

S&S include fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress.  Intubation or tracheostomy may be required to open the obstructed airway.

Term
Epistaxis
Definition
nosebleed, nasal hemorrhage
Term
Finger-clubbing
Definition
Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease
Term
hypoxemia
Definition
Deficiency of oxygen in the blood.
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
deficiency of oxygen in the tissues
Term
pertussis
Definition

acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called whooping cough.

IMmunizations of infants as part of the diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vacine is effective in the prevention of pertussis

Term
pleurisy
Definition
Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis.
Term
Pneumoconiosis
Definition
Disease casued by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust (anthracosis), sotne dust (chalicosis), iron dust (siderosis), and asbestos particles (asbestosis)
Term
Pulmonary edema
Definition
Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveloi, caused most commonly by heart failure (excessive fluid in the lungs induces coughing and dyspnea)
Term
PUlmonary embolus
Definition
Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria).
Term
Rhonchus
Definition

Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation

A rhonchus is described as a course, rattling noise that resemebles sonring, commonly suggesting secretions in the larger airways.

Term
Stridor
Definition
High-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruciton in the upper airway.  The presence of stridor reuires immediate intervention.
Term
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Definition
Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months old. also called crib death.
Term
wheeze
Definition
Whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway.  Wheezing is a characteristic of astma, coup, hay fever, obstructive emphysema, and other obstructive respiratory conditions.
Term
Mantoux test
Definition
Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen. (i.e. tb test)
Term
oximetry
Definition
non-invasive method of monitoring the percetnage of hemoglobin (Hb) satruarted with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry.  IN oximetry, a probe is attached to the patient's finger or ear lobe and linked to a computer that displays the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.
Term
Polysomnography
Definition
Test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recordeings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm, and sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera.
Term
Pulmonary function tests
Definition
Multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane.
Term
Spirometry
Definition
Measurement of ventilatory ability by assessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air.
Term
Bronchoscopy
Definition
Visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor.  Attachments on the bronchoscope can be used to suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect sputum, or perform biopsy.
Term
Laryngoscopy
Definition
Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities.
Term
Mediastinoscopy
Definition
Visual examination of the mdiastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes.  The mediastinoscope is inserted trhough a small incision made above the sternum.  The attached camera projects imiages on a monitor.  Additional incisions may be made if nodes are removed or other diagnositic or therapeutic procedures are performed.
Term
Arterial Blood Gas
Definition
Test that measeures partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), carbon dioxide Pco2, pH (acidity or alkalinity), and bicarbonate level of an arterial blood sample.  ABG analysis evaluates pulmonary gas exchange and helps guide treatement of acid-base imbalances.
Term
Sputum culture
Definition
Microbial test used to identiry disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias.
Term
Sweat test
Definition

Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat

A sweat test is used almost exclusively in children to confirm cystic fibrosis

Term
Throat culture
Definition
Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci.  Untreated streptococcal infections may lead to serious secondary complications including kidney and heart disease
Term
Radiography
Definition
Process of producing images using an x-ray passed through the body or area and captured on film.
Term
Thoracic
Definition
Images of the chest taken from anteroposterior (AP) projection, posteroanteroior (PA) projection, lateral projection,k  or a combo of these.  Chest radiography is used to diagnose rib fractures and lung diseases, including atelectasis, masses, pnemonia, and emphysema.
Term
scan
Definition
Imaging procedure that gathers info about a specific organ or structure of the body.  In some cases, small amounts of injeected radionuclide (traceer_ are used to enhance images.  Lung Scan = Nuclear scanning test primarily used to detect pulmonary emboli.  Lung scan is commonly performed to detect the presence of a blood clot that may be interfering with blood flow in or to the lung.
Term
Aerosol therapy
Definition

Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways.  techniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs)

Nebulizers change liquid medicationinto droplets to be inhaled through a mouth-piece.  MDI's deliver a specific amount when activated.  Children and the elderly can use a spacer to synchronize inhalation iwth medication release.

Term
Lavage
Definition

Irrigating or washing out of an organ, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid.

Lavage of the paranasal sinuses is usually performed to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed medical managment.

Anral lavage: irrigationof the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitis.

Term
Postural drainage
Definition
positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs.
Term
Pleurectomy
Definition
Excision of part of the pleura, usually parietal.  Pleurectomy is performed to reduce pain cuased by a tumor mass or to prevent the recurrence of pleural effusion but is generally ineffective in the treatment of malignacy of the pleura.
Term
Pneumectomy
Definition
excision of a lung.  The removal of a lobe of the lung is called a lobecomy.
Term
Septoplasty
Definition
Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures.  Common complications of a deviated septum include interference with breathing and a predisposition to sinus infections.
Term
THroacentesis
Definition
Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity; also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis.  Thoracentesis is performed as a diagnostic procedure to determine the nature and cause of an effusion or as a therapeutic procedure to relieve the discomfort caused by the effusion
Term
Tracheostomy
Definition
surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted.
Term
Antihistamines
Definition
Block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues: Histamines cause sneezing, ruuny nose, itchiness, and rashes.  I.e. Rexofenadine (allegra) Loratadine (Claritin)
Term
Antitussives
Definition
Relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain.  Antitussives alleviate nonproductive dry coughs and should not be used with productive coughs.  I.e. Hydrocodone (Hycodan)  Dextromethorphan (Vicks formula 44)
Term
Bronchodilators
Definition
Stimulate brochial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow.  Bronchodilators are used to treat chronic symptoms and prevent acute attacks in respiratory diseases, such as asthma and COPD.  Pharmacological agents may be delivered by an inhaler either orally or intravenously.  I.E. Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) Salmeterol (Serevent)
Term
Corticosteroids
Definition
Act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions.  Corticosteroids are available as nasal sprays, in metered-dose-inhalers (inhaled steroids) and in oral forms (pills or syrups) to treat chronic lung conditions such as asthma and COPD.  i.e. Beclomethasone dipropionate (Vanceril, Beclovent)  Trianmcinolone (Azmacort)
Term
Decongestants
Definition
Constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissue to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways.  Decongestants are commonly prescribed for allergies and colds and are usually combined with antihistamines in cold remedies.  They can be administered orally or topically as nasal sprays and nasal drops. I.e. oxymetazoline (Dristan); pseudoephedrine (Drixoral, Sudafed)
Term
Expectorants
Definition
Liquify respiratroy secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes.  Expectorants are prescribed for productive coughs.  I.e. Guaifenesin (Robitussin, Organidin)
Term
Abbreviations
Definition

ABG: arterial blood gases

AFB: acid-fast bacillus (TB organism)

AP: anteroposterior

ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome

CO2: carbon dioxide

COPD: Chronic Obstructive PUlmonary Diseasee

CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure

CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CT: Computed tomography

CXR: Chest x-ray, chest radiograph

DPI: dry power inhaler

DPT: disphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

EEG: encephalogram, encephalography

FVC: forced vital capacity

Hb, Hgb: Hemoglobin

HMD: Hyaline membrane disease

Hx: history

IPPB: intermittent positive-pressure breathing

IRDS: infant respiratory distress syndrome

MDI: metered dose inhaler

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging

NMT: nebulized mist treatment

O2: Oxygen

PA: posteroanterior, pernicious anemia

Pco2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide

PCP: pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, primary care pyshician; phencyclidine (hallucinogen)

PFT: pulmonary function test

pH: symbol for degree of acidity or alkalinity

PND: paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

PO2: partial pressure of oxygen

RD: respiratory distress

RDS: respiratory distress syndrome

SOB: shortness of breath

T&A: tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

TB: tuberculosis

TPR: temperature, pulse, and respiration

URI: upper respiratory infection

VC: vital capacity

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