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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
Try to master these terms!!
109
Anatomy
10th Grade
11/03/2008

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Cards

Term

 

 

 

Abduction (118)

Definition

 

 

 

Movement of a body part away from the midline.

Term

 

 

 

adduction(118)

Definition

 

 

 

Movement of a body part toward the midline.

Term

 

 

 

amphiarthrosis(115)

Definition

 

 

A joint or articulation between bones

that is slightly movable & usually

connected by cartilage.  For example,

the ribs are connected to the sternum

via hyaline cartilage.

Term

 

 

 

appendicular

skeleton

(108)

Definition

Division of the skeleton that 
contains the bones of the pectoral 
girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, 
and lower limbs.
Term



 

appositional

growth(97)

Definition
 
CHAPTER 6.1
When bones grow stronger by
increasing their diameters.
Caused by the conversion of 
osteoprogenitor cells in the inner
periosteum to osteoblasts.

 

Term




articular cartilage

(95)

Definition
 

CHAPTER 6.1
Located on the epiphyses of long 
bones, this "hyaline" layer acts as
 a friction reducer.
Term

 

 

 

articulation (95)

 

Definition


CHAPTER 6.1
 
The joining together of bones 
at a joint.
Term

 

 

 

atlas(106)

Definition

 

 

The first cervical vertebrae which helps to support & balance the head; It has 2 depressions which

articulate w/ the occipital condyles of the skull.

Term

 

 

axial skeleton

(100)

Definition

 

 

Part of the skeleton that lies in the midline

and contains the bones of the skull, the

hyoid bone, the vertebral column,

& the thoracic cage.

Term

 

 

 

axis (106)

Definition

 

 

The name for the 2nd Cervical Vertebrae or c2. 

This vertebrae has an odontoid process

that projects into the ring of the atlas.

Term

 

 

 

ball-and-socket

joint (116)

Definition

 

 

The most freely movable type of synovial

joint; for example,

the shoulder or hip joint.

Term

 

 

bursa(116)

Definition

 

 

Sac-like, fluid filed structure, lined with

synovial membrane, that occurs near a joint.

Term

 

 

calcaneus(114)

Definition
 
 
The largest of the ankle bones, 
or the heel bone.
Term

 

 

cartilaginous

joints(115)

Definition

 

 

 

The type of structural joint that

usually has a little movement (amphiarthrosis);

for example, the connection between

the ribs and sternum.

Term

 

 

 

circumduction(118)

Definition

 

 

Cone-like movement of a body part,

such that the distal end moves in a circle,

while the proximal portion

remains relatively stable.

Term

 

 

clavicles(109)

Definition

 

Slender s-shaped bones which

articulate medially w/ the

manubrium of the sternum.

Term

 

 

coccyx(107)

Definition
 
 
Formed from a fusion of 3-5 vertebrae; 
The last part of the vertebral column.

A.K.A. the tailbone.

Term

 

 

 

compact bone(95)

Definition
 

CHAPTER 6.1
Dense bone which contains 
many cylinder-shaped units 
called osteons.
Term

 

 

condyloid joint(117)

Definition

 

 

Bone with an oval-shaped projection

at one end jointed with a bone possessing

a complementary elliptical cavity;

the joints between the metacarpals & phalanges.

Term

 

 

coxal bone(112)

Definition
 
 
2 bones, fused w/ the sacrum 
which include the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Term

 

 

depression(119)

Definition

 

 

Movement of a synovial joint

which lowers a body part;

lowering of the shoulders

Term

 

 

diaphysis(95)

Definition
 

CHAPTER 6.1
The shaft of a long bone
or the area of a long bone 
between the epiphyses.
Term

 

 

 

diarthrosis(115)

Definition

 

 

A type of joint which is freely movable;

usually has synovial structure.  Includes

ball-n-socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, gliding,

and condyloid joints.

Term

 

 

elevation(119)

Definition

 

The lifting up of a body part.  

Shrugging your shoulders.

Term

 

 

endochondral

ossification(97)

Definition

 

CHAPTER 6.1 

The way most bones of the human skeleton form. Hyaline cartilage models are gradually replaced by bone.  Cartilage begins to break down in the center of the diaphysis, which is covered by the periosteum.  Osteoblasts invade the region and lay down spongy bone in the primary ossification center.  Other osteoblast lay down compact bone beneath the periosteum  Compact bone thickens; osteoclasts break down spongy bone in the diaphyses to create the medullary cavity.  After birth, epiphyses continue to grow and secondary ossification centers develop there.

Term

 

 

 

epiphyseal

plate

(97)

Definition

 

CHAPTER 6.1

 

A band of cartilage that develops

in long bones and separates

the primary and secondary

ossification centers.

Term

 

 

 

epiphysis(95)

Definition


CHAPTER 6.1
 
The expanded portion on the proximal 
and distal ends of long bones.
Term

 

 

 

Eversion(118)

Definition

 

Movement of the foot in

which the sole is turned outward.

Term

 

 

 

Extension(117)

Definition

 

Movement that increases the

angle between body parts at a joint.

Term

 

 

femur(113)

Definition

Longest and strongest bone of the

human body; Upper leg bone that

includes a head, which fits into

the acetabulum of the coxal bone.


The greater and lesser trochanters

provide a place of attachment for the

muscles of the thighs and buttocks.

Term

 

 

fibrous joints(115)

Definition

 

2 or more bones joined by

connective tissue containing

many fibers; synarthroses

Term

 

fibula(114)

Definition
 
Lower leg bone which
 is lateral to & more
slender then the tibia.
Term

 

 

flexion(117)

Definition

 

 

Bending at a joint so that

the angle between bones is decreased.

Term

 

 

fontanels(101)

Definition

 

Membranous regions between the

forming bones of the cranium in newborns; 
Permits the bones of the skull to shift during birth.

Term

 

 

gliding joint(117)

Definition

 

When 2 bones with mainly flat

surfaces are joined together;

located between the bones

of the carpals and tarsals.

Term

 

 

hematopoiesis(95)

Definition

 


CHAPTER 6.1

 

Process of blood cell formation that 
occurs in the spongy bone of the skull, 
ribs, sternum, vertebrae, & the 
epiphyses of long bones.
Term

 

 

hinge joint(117)

Definition

 

Type of joint characterized

by a convex surface of 1 bone

fitting into a concave surface of another so that movement is confined to one place, such

as in the knee or interphalangeal joint.

Term

 

 

 

humerus(110)

Definition

 

 

Bone of the upper arm.

Term

 

 

 

ilium(112)

Definition
 
 
Largest part of the coxal bone, 
which flares outward to give
the hip prominence.
Term

 

 

intervertebral

disk(105)

Definition
 
 
Pads of fibrocartilage 
located between vertebrae.
Term

 

 

intramembranous

ossification(97)

Definition

 

CHAPTER 6.1 

When the bone of the cranium

develop between sheets of

fibrous connective tissue.

Term

 

 

 

inversion(118)

Definition

 

Movement of the foot so

that the sole is turned medially (inward).

Term

 

 

ischium(112)

Definition
 
Most inferior aspect of the 
coxal bone or what you sit on.
Term

 

 

ligament(116)

Definition

 

Strong connective tissue

which joins bone to bone.

Term

 

 

Medullary

Cavity(95)

Definition
 
CHAPTER 6.1
An inner chamber of the diaphyses 
of long bones containing 
yellow(fatty) marrow.
Term

 

 

meniscus(116)

Definition

 

Piece of fibrocartilage that separates 

the surfaces of bones in the knee.

Term

 

 

metatarsal

bones(114)

Definition
 
instep long bones in which the 
distal ends form the ball of the foot. 
Along w/ the tarsal bones,
they form the arch of the foot.
Term

 

 

ossification(97)

Definition

CHAPTER 6.1
 
Refers to the formation of bone; 
intramembranous or endochondral
Term

 

 

osteoblast(97)

Definition

CHAPTER 6.1
 
Bone-forming cells derived from 
osteoprogenitor cells that
secrete bone matrix.
Term

 

 

osteocyte(97)

Definition
CHAPTER 6.1
Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts; osteoblasts that have become completely surrounded by bone matrix.
Term

 

 

osteoclast(97)

Definition

CHAPTER 6.1
 
Derived from monocytes (a type of leukocyte), 
these cells perform bone 
resorption(break down) & assist in
depositing calcium & phosphate in the blood.  
They are vitally important in 
bone growth and repair.
Term

 

 

osteoprogenitor

cells(97)

Definition

CHAPTER 6.1

 

Undifferentiated cells located in the

inner periosteum, endosteum, and

central canal of compact bone.

Term

 

 

 

patella(113)

Definition
 
 
A small triangular bone which 
protects the knee joint.
Term

 

 

pectoral girdle(108)

Definition
 
Includes the clavicles & scapulae, 
supports the arms, and serves as a 
point of attachment for muscles 
that move the arms.
Term

 

 

pelvic girdle (112)

Definition

 

Contains the 2 coxal bones, sacrum,

and coccyx. These bones bear the weight of

the body and serve as the point

of attachment for the lower limbs.

Term

 

 

periosteum(95)

Definition

 

CHAPTER 6.1

 

A tough, fibrous connective tissue covering

of bones which is continuous with

tendons & ligaments.

Term

 

 

phalanges(115)

Definition

 

Bones of the fingers and thumb in the

hand and of the toes in the foot (sing. phalanx).

Term

 

 

pivot joint(116)

Definition

 

The end of a bone moving within a

ring formed by another

bone & connective tissue.

 

Ex. between the atlas (C1) & axis (C2)

Term

 

 

pronation(118)

Definition

 

Rotation of the forearm so

that the palm faces backward.

Term

 

 

pubic symphysis(116)

Definition

 

Slightly movable, cartilaginous joint

between the anterior surfaces of the hip bones.

Term

 

 

pubis(112)

Definition
 
Most anterior aspect of the coxal 
bones which join them together 
by a piece of fibrocartilage.
Term




radius(110)

Definition
 
In anatomical position, this 
lower forarm bone runs parallel 
and lateral to the ulna.
Term

 

 

red bone marrow(95)

Definition
 
CHAPTER 6.1
Specialized tissue in which 
hematopoiesis occurs; located in the 
medullary cavity of bones in infants 
in the epiphyses of long bones in adults.
Term

 

 

rib cage(107)

Definition
 
 
12 pairs of bones in which all 
are connected to the thoracic vertebrae.
Term

 

 

 

Rotation(118)

Definition

 

Movement of a bone along

its own longitudinal axis.

Term

 

 

sacrum(107)

Definition
 
 
Last curvature of the vertebral column
which forms from the fusion of five
sacral vertebrae; articulates with the
pelvic girdle & forms the posterior
portion of the pelvic cavity.
Term

 

 

saddle joint(116)

Definition

 

Two bones jointed, having

convex andconcave surfaces

that are complementary.

 

Ex. joint between the carpal &

 the metacarpal joint of the thumb.

Term

 

 

Scapulae(109)

Definition
 
 
Broad, somewhat triangular bones 
which form the shoulder blades 
and are not attached to each other.
Term
Sinus(100)
Definition
  • A cavity or hollow space w/in a bone that is lined w/mucus membranes.
  • Function: reduce the weight of bone and give ones voice a resonant sound.
  • Examples include the frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, paranasal, and maxillary.
Term

 

 

 

Sinusitis(100)

Definition
 
 
Infection or inflammation of 
the paranasal sinuses.
Term

 

 

Spongy bone(95)

Definition

CHAPTER 6.1
 
A.K.A. as cancellous bone; contains
bony plates called trabeculae. & is usually
found in the epiphyses of long bones; lighter
than compact bone, but designed for strength.
Term

 

 

sternum(108)

Definition
 
A flat, blade-shaped bone that 
helps to protect the heart and lungs; 
consists of 3 bones which fuse 
together during fetal development.

manubrium, body, & xiphoid process
Term

 

 

Supination(118)

Definition

 

 

Rotation of the forearm so that

the palm faces forward when

in the anaotmical position.

Term

 

 

suture(101)

Definition
  • Immovable joints that mark the boarders between bones of the cranium.
Term
synarthrosis(115)
Definition

 

 

A joint, usually characterized by

sutures & gomphoses (fibrous), that is immovable.

Term



synovial fluid(116)

Definition

 

 

Fluid secreted by a synovial membranes.

Term

 

 

 

synovial joint(115)

Definition

 

 

Freely movable joint (diarthroses)

that is enclosed within a fluid-filled membrane.

Term

 

 

talus(114)

Definition
  • 2nd Largest of the 7 tarsal bones, this bone can move freely where it joins the tibia and fibula.
Term

 

 

tarsal bones(114)

Definition
  • 7 bones of the ankle which include the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, laterial cuneiform, medial cuneiform, and intermediate cuneiform.
Term

 

 

tibia(114)

Definition
Medial and more massive
 bones of the lower leg.
Term

 

 

ulna(110)

Definition
  • Easily recognized for its u-shaped trochlear notch in mammals, this lower arm or forlimb bone runs parallel and medial to the radius when the body is in anatomical position.
Term

 

 

Vertebrae(105)

Definition
  • A series of separate bones which extend from the skull to the pelvis.
Term

 

Vertebral column(105)

Definition
  • Consists of a series of separate bones that protect the spinal cord, forms the vertical axis, supports the skull, supports the rib cage, and attaches to the pelvis.
  • 7 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 3-5 coccygeal
Term

 

 

 

Abduction (118)

Definition

 

 

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

adduction(118)

Definition

 

 

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

amphiarthrosis (115)

Definition

 

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

appendicular skeleton(108)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

 

appositional

growth(97)

 

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

atlas vertebrae

(C1)

Definition

 

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

 

ball-and-socket

joint (116)

 

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

circumduction(118)

Definition

 

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

condyloid joint(117)

Definition

 

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

coxal bone(112)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

elevation(119)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

Eversion(118)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

Extension(117)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

femur(113)

Definition
[image]
Term



Tibia

&

fibula(114)

Definition

 

 

[image]

Term

 

 

 

flexion(117)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

gliding joint(117)

Definition

[image]

 

 

Term

 

 

fontanels(101)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

humerus(110)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

inversion(118)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

axis (106)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

axial skeleton

(100)

 

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

coccyx(107)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

pronation(118)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

Scapula(109)

Definition
[image]
Term

 

 

 

Supination(118)

Definition
[image]
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