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Chapter 6: Muscle Tissue
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Anatomy
12th Grade
12/05/2010

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Term
produce movement
Definition
all movement is a result of muscle contraction. Muscle move and pull on the bone which combine, produce movement.
Term
Maintain Posture
Definition
works against gravity to help support us( sitting or standing)
Term
Stabilize Joints
Definition
muscle help keep joints tightly connected
Term
Generate Heat
Definition
muscle produce ATP which generates heat as a by-product
Term
Function of Muscle Tissue
Definition
.Produce Movement
.Maintain Posture
.Stabilize Joints
.Generate Heat
Term
Smooth
Definition
.involuntary
.no striations
.uninucleated
Term
Skeletal
Definition
.striated
.voluntary
.multinucleated
Term
Cardiac
Definition
.involuntary
.striated
.Multinucleated with intercalated disk
Term
Structure of a Muscle Cell
Definition
.Sarcolemma(cell membrane)
.Myofibrils( fibers with in the cell filled with cytoplasm)
.Light bonds (I) and Dark Bonds (A) pattern the myofibril
.Light bond contain the Z line which contracts during muscle movement
.A sarcomere contains two light bonds and one dark
Term
Light bonds (I)
Definition
.pattern the myofibrils
.Light bond contain the Z line which contracts during muscle movement
Term
isotonic contractions
Definition
.myofilaments are able to sicle past each other during contractions
.the muscle shortens and movement occurs
Term
isometric contractions
Definition
.tension in the muscle increases
. the muscle is unable to shorten or produce movement
Term
Muscle tone(3)
Definition
.some fibers are contracted even in a relaxed muscle
.different fibers contract and different times to provide muscle tone
.the process o stimulating various fibers is under involuntary control
Term
Effect of Exercise on Muscles
Definition
.exercise increases muscle size, strength, and endurance
. aerobic(endurance) exercise results in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to faigue
- makes body metablism more efficient
- improves digestion, coordination
.Resistance( isometric exercise (weight lifting) increase muscle size and strength
Term
Muscle contraction steps (10)
Definition
1.Nerve impulse reaches axon terminals
2. Neurotransmitter is realeased
3. Ach diffues across synaptic cleft and attatches to receptors part of the sarcolemma
4. Arcolemma becomes temp. permeable to Na ions which rush into the muscle cell, and to potassium ions which diffuse out of the cell.
5.More Na enters than K leaves, so the cells interior's excess of positive ions reverse electrical conditions of the sarcolmma
6.More channels are open and allow Na entry only
7.Action potential is generated
8.Action potential travels over the entire surface of sarcolemma, conducting the elctrical impulse from one end of the cell to the other
9. The result is contraction of the muscle cell
Term
Muscle Relaxation
Definition
1. Stimulus stops.
2.SACh is destroyed by AchEsterase or diffuses throughout the synaptic cleft. Membrane is no longer permeable to Na+. ACh also diffuses away.
3.Ca2+ transported (active, ATP used) back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4.17. Low [Ca2+] in sarcoplasm causes Ca2+ to leave the troponin.
5.The tropomyosin shifts around to cover the myosin binding sites. The sarcomere will lengthen as the filaments slide back to their original position.
or
1. diffusinon of potassium ions out of the cells
2. operation of the sodium potassium pump, the active transport mechanism that moves the sodium and potassium ions back to their initial positions.
Term
Muscle Relaxation
Definition
1. Stimulus stops.
2.SACh is destroyed by AchEsterase or diffuses throughout the synaptic cleft. Membrane is no longer permeable to Na+. ACh also diffuses away.
3.Ca2+ transported (active, ATP used) back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4.17. Low [Ca2+] in sarcoplasm causes Ca2+ to leave the troponin.
5.The tropomyosin shifts around to cover the myosin binding sites. The sarcomere will lengthen as the filaments slide back to their original position.
Term
Why is rich blood supply so important to muscle contraction?
Definition
In order for muscles to contract a supply of blood, ATP is needed within the cell. And when there is a limited supply of blood, there will not be enough oxygen to keep up with the energy demands for contraction.
Term
Why are the connective tissue wrappings of skeletal muscle important? What is the function of the tendons?
Definition
They contain muscles and give them shape. They are attached to tendons that provide leverage. They direct muscle contraction and extension, in order to direct movement to desired places.
Tendons attach muscle to bone and provide an extension of connective tissues.
Term
four criteria used as a basis for naming skeletal muscles
Definition
size,shape,number of origins, and location of muscle
Term
Neuromuscular junction
Definition
the intersecting point where the nerve fiber and the muscle meet
Term
Motor unit
Definition
consist of one alpha motor neuron (large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord) together with all the muscle fibers it stimulates
Term
Tetanus
Definition
Continuous contraction of muscle
Term
Muscle Fatigue
Definition
the inability of muscle to contract even when stimulated, it’s believed root cause is from Oxygen deficit
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
Chemicals that send signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse (junction that permits a neuron to pass an electrical signal to another cell)
Term
Rectus abdominis
Definition
flexes the vertebral column (backbone or spine)
Term
External oblique
Definition
flexes vertebral column and rotates the trunk (part of the body from below the neck down to the waist) and bends it from the side (laterally)
Term
Internal oblique
Definition
functions same as external oblique
Term
Transverses abdominis
Definition
compresses abdominal contents
Term
External intercostals
Definition
raises the rib cage when you inhale
Term
Internal intercostals
Definition
help more air out of lungs when you exhale forcibly
Term
antagonistic action of muscles
Definition
When the biceps are contracting, the triceps are relaxed, and stretches back to its original position. The opposite happens when the triceps contract.
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