Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 6 - Cartilage and Bone Connective Tissue
Cartilage and Bone Connective Tissue
63
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/28/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

The number of bones in an adult skeleton

Definition

 

 

 

 

206

Term

 

 

 

Functions of the Bone

Definition

1) Support and Protections

 

2) Movement

 

3) Hemopoiesis

 

4) Storage of Mineral and Energy Reserves

Term

 

 

 

Hemopoeisis

Definition

 

blood cell productionin red bone marrow, which is located in some spongy bone

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Classification by Bone Shape

Definition

 

Long Bone

 

 

Short Bone

 

 

Flat Bone

 

 

Irregular Bone

Term

 

 

 

 

Long Bone

Definition

 

- greater length than width and vary in size

 

- composed of diaphysis (long shaft) with epiphyses (distinct ends)

 

- located in upper and lower limbs

 

 

Term

 

 

 

diaphysis

Definition

 

 

 

the shaft of the long bone

Term

 

 

 

epiphysis

Definition

 

the epanded, knobby region of the long bone

Term

 

 

proximal epiphysis

Definition

 

the end of the bone closest to the body trunk

Term

 

 

distal epiphysis

Definition

 

the end of the bone farthest from the trunk

Term

 

 

 

metaphysis

Definition

 

 

the region in a mature bone sandwhiched b/t the diaphysis and epiphysis

Term

 

 

 

epiphyseal line

Definition

 

 

a thin layer of compact bone

Term

 

 

articular cartilage

Definition

 

the thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis at a joint surface

Term

 

 

 

medullary cavity

Definition

 

 

the hollow cylindrical space w/in the diaphysis

Term

 

 

 

 

endosteum

Definition

 

 

an incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone

Term

 

 

 

periosteum

Definition

 

 

 

tough sheath that covers the outer surface fo the bone

Term

 

 

 

 

perforating fibers

Definition

 

 

 

the periosteum is anchored to the bone by numberous strong collage fibers

Term

 

 

 

 

sutural or wormian bones

Definition

 

 

 

small bones located w/in the sutures of certain cranial bones number of sutural bones vary from person to person

Term

 

 

 

Short Bone

Definition

 

 

- length ~= width

 

- esternal surface is compact bone while interior is spongy bone

 

- includes wrist bones and feet bones

 

- seasmoid bones

 

- patellla is the largest seasmoid bone

Term

 

 

 

seasmoid bones

Definition

 

 

tiny, seed shaped bones along tendones of some muscles

Term

 

 

 

Flat bone

Definition

 

 

- flat, thin surface

 

- parallel surfaces of compact bone with a internal layer of spongy bone

 

- provide extensive surfaces of muscle attachements and protect underlying tissues

 

- form the roof of the skull, scapulae, sternum and ribs

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Irregular Bone

Definition

 

 

- elaborate, complex shapes ando not fit in any of the above categories

 

- examples include vewrtebrae and several bones in the skull

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Bone matrix is composed of

Definition

 

 

 

 

organic and inorganic material

 

1/3 = cells, colagen fibers, and ground substance

 

2/3 = calcium phosphate

Term

 

 

 

 

 

 

Definition
Term

 

 

 

calcium phosphate + calcium hydroxide

Definition

 

 

 

 

hydroxyapatite

Term

 

 

 

 

 

hydroxyapatite + mineral salts + ions

 

Definition

 

 

 

mineral salts

Term

 

 

 

 

Calcification

Definition

 

 

mineral salts deposited in the collagen fiber framework where they crystallize and tissue hardens

Term

 

 

 

 

Calcification is initiated

Definition

 

 

 

 

by osteoblasts

Term

 

 

 

Osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic cells

Definition

 

 

stem cells derived from mesenchyme which produce other stem cells and osteoblasts

Term

 

 

 

 

osteoblasts

Definition

 

 

 

produces new bones

Term

 

 

osteocytes

Definition

 

 

mature bone cells

 

- main cells in bone tissues and maintain daily metabolism functions

Term

 

 

 

 

osteoclasts

Definition

 

- huge cells derived from fusion of monocytes (WBCs)

 

- involved in bone resorption, which is part of the normal development, growth, maintenance and repair of bone

Term

 

 

 

4 types of bone cells

Definition

- osteoblasts

 

- osteocytes

 

-osteoprotegenitor

 

- osteoclasts

Term

 

 

 

2 types of bone tissue

Definition

 

 

 

compact and spongy

Term

 

 

 

Compact Bone Tissue

Definition

 

- solid and dense forming the outer roegion of bone

 

- found where stresses come from a limited range of directions

 

- forms the external solid walls of long bones

Term

 

 

 

Spongy Bone Tissue

Definition

 

- located internally and appears more porous

 

- found where stress is relative low and comes from various directions

 

- forms an open lattice of narrow plates of bones (trabeculae)

 

primarily found w/in the epiphyses

Term

 

 

Flat Bones w/in the SKull

Definition

 

 

- compoes of 2 layers of compact bone w/a region of spongy bone (diploe)

 

 

- both layers of compact bone are covered by periosteum

 

 

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Definition
Term

 

 

 

Ossification

Definition

 

 

- begins in the embryo and continues as the skeleton grows during childhood and adolescence

 

- b/t the eighth and twelth wks of embryonic development, skeleton begins forming from thick condensations of mesenchyme or hyaline cartilage

Term

 

 

 

Intramembranous ossification

Definition

 

 

produces the flat bones of the skull, some fo the facial bones, the mandible and the central part of the clavicle

Term

 

 

 

Steps of the Intramembranous Ossification

Definition

 

1) Ossification centers from w/in thickened regons of mesenchyme

 

2) Osteoid undergoes calcification

 

3) Woven bone (primary bone) and its surrounding periosteum form

 

4) Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form

Term

 

 

 

Endochondral Ossification

Definition

 

 

begins w/ a hyaline cartilage model and produces most of the other bones of the skeleton

Term

 

 

 

Steps of the Endochondral Ossification

Definition

 

1) Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops

 

2) Cartilage calcifies and a periosteal bone collar forms

 

3)The primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis

 

4) Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses

 

5) Bones replaces cartilage

 

6) Epiphyseal plates ossify and from epiphyseal lines

Term

 

 

Bone Remodeling

Definition

- bone tissues constantly being replaced & widened

 

- bone tissue is formed/lost in response to mechanical stress

 

- replaced as we age due to loss of calcium and collagen

 

- occurs at both the periosteal and endoseteal surfaces of a bone

Term

 

 

 

Three categories of blood vessels develop to supply a typical bone

Definition

 

- Nutrient vessels

 

- Metaphyseal vessels

 

- Periosteal vessels

Term

 

 

 

Nutrient Vessels

Definition

 

 

- nutrient artery and nutrient vein

 

- supply the diaphysis of the bone

Term

 

 

 

Metaphyseal vessels

Definition

 

- metaphyseal arter and metaphyseal vein

 

- supplies blood to the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

 

Term

 

 

 

Periosteal vessels

Definition

 

- periosteal artery and periosteal vein

 

- supply the superficial osteons w/in the compact bone

Term

 

 

Effects of Hormones and Vitamins

Definition

 

 

- Control & and regulate growth patterns in bone by altering the rates of both osteoblast and osteoclast activity

 

- a continual dietary source of vitamins is requred for normal bone growth

Term

 

 

Calcitonin

Definition

 

 

promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity

Term

 

 

Growth Hormone

 

 

 

Definition

 

 

stimulates liver to produce the hormone somatomedin which causes carilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate and resulting bone elongation

Term

 

 

 

Parathyroid hormone

Definition

 

 

increases blood calcium levels

Term

 

 

 

Sex hormones (estrogen and testoterones)

Definition

 

 

 

stimulate osteoblasts; promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure

Term

 

 

 

Thryoid Hormone

Definition

 

 

 

stimulate bone growth by stimulating metabolic rate of osteoblasts

Term

 

 

 

Vitamin A

Definition

 

 

 

activates osteoblasts

Term

 

 

 

 

Vitamin C

Definition

 

 

 

promotes collagen production

Term

 

 

 

 

Vitamin D

Definition

 

 

 

promostes absorption of calcium and phosphate into blood

Term

 

 

 

 

Stress fracture

Definition

 

 

a thin break caused by incrased physical activity during repetitive loads

Term

 

 

 

 

Pathological fracture

Definition

 

 

occurs in a bone weakened by disease

Term

 

 

 

Simple fracture

Definition

 

 

broken bone does not penetrate the skin; heals in 2-3 months

Term

 

 

 

 

Compound fracture

Definition

 

 

 

one or both ends of the broken bone pierces the skin; takes longer to heal

Term

 

 

 

Bone Markings

Definition

 

 

- provides articulate surfaces

 

- provide muscle/tendon/ligament attachment sites

 

- allow passage of nerves/vessels/tendons/ligaments

Supporting users have an ad free experience!