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Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Cards based on the outline for Ch.6
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/05/2016

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Cards

Term
Name three types of cartilage
Definition
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
Term
Name two types cartilage growth
Definition
- appositional growth
- interstitial growth
Term
What is appositional growth?
Definition
Cartilage growth from perichondirum
Term
What is interstitial growth?
Definition
Cartilage growth by chondrocytes
Term
Name the functions of the Skeletal System
Definition
1. support
2. protection
3. movement
4. mineral storage
5. hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Term
Name the two layers of perichondrium and their contents
Definition
1. fibrous layer
- collagen fibers
- fibroblast
2. cellular layer
- chondroblast (chondrogenic cells)
Term
Name the characteristics of specialized cartilage tissue
Definition
- chondrocytes in lacunae
- solid ground substance & fibers
- avascular
- no nerves
- perichondrium
- water-resilient
Term
Describe long bones and give examples
Definition
Description: bones longer than they are wide
Examples: humerus, phalanges, extremities
Term
Describe short bones and give examples
Definition
Description: cube shaped
Examples: patella, carpal/tarsal bones
Term
Describe flat bones and give examples
Definition
Description: two plates of compact bone encasing a thin layer of spongy bone (diploe)
Example: cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs
Term
Describe irregular bones and give examples
Definition
Description: shapes that doesn't fit in the other categories
Example: vertebrae, coxal bones
Term
What does spongy (aka cancellous) bone consist of?
Definition
- trabeculae
- red bone marrow
Term
In compact bone, what does an osteon consist of?
Definition
- central canal
- lamellae
- osteocyte (in life located in the lacuna)
- canaliculi
- volkmann's canal
Term
What is the chemical composition of bone?
Definition
Organic: cells, collagen fibers, ground substance
Inorganic: calcium phosphate, mineral salts
Term
What is ossification (or osteogenisis)?
Definition
Laying down new bone material by osteoblasts
Term
In bone deposition, what's the function of osteoblasts?
Definition
Form new bone
Term
In bone reabsorption, what is the function of osteoclasts?
Definition
destroy bone
Term
What is intramembranous ossification?
Definition
Development of flat bones from messenchyme
(messenchyme cells become osteoblasts > osteoblasts form bone)
Term
What is endochondral ossification?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage (in epiphyseal plate) is replaced by bone
Term
Describe the anatomy of the epiphyseal growth area
Definition
From top to bottom:
1. resting zone
2. proliferation zone
3. hypertrophic zone
4. calsification zone
5. ossification zone
Term
What happens in the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plate?
Definition
Cartilage cells undergo mitosis
Term
What happens in the hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal plate?
Definition
Older cartilage cells enlarge
Term
What happens in the calcification zones of the epiphyseal plate?
Definition
Matrix becomes calcified (hardened); cartilage cells die; matrix begins deteriorating
Term
What happens in the ossification zone of the epiphyseal plate?
Definition
New bone formation is occurring
Term
Postnatal growth of Endochondral "long" bones
Definition
childhood and adolescence, the endochondral bone lengthen by growth of epiphyseal plate, but that plate begins to diminish and thus stops lengthening of the bone during adulthood
Term
How does the growth hormone effect bones growth?
Definition
the somatrophic hormone stimulates the growth of the epiphyseal plate
Term
How does the thyroid hormone effect bone growth?
Definition
It modulates the growth hormone and leads to a proportional skeleton
Term
How does the sex hormone effect bone growth?
Definition
It leads to the early closure of epiphyseal plate and stops growth
Term
What are the 4 stages of healing a fracture?
Definition
1. hematoma formation
2. fibocartilaginous callus formation
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodeling
Term
When healing a fracture, what happens in hematoma formation?
Definition
blood is released and clots to form a hematoma
Term
When healing a fracture, what happens in fibrocartiaginous callus formation?
Definition
new blood vessels grow in clot and repair tissue called soft callus invade the clot to form DCT
Term
When healing a fracture, what happens in bony callus formation?
Definition
by endochondral ossification, trabeculae of new bone begin to form in the callus
Term
When healing a fracture, what happens in bone remodeling?
Definition
bony callus is remodeled and new bone is made like the original unbroken bone
Term
What are the six most common types of fractures?
Definition
1. comminuted
2. compression
3. spiral
4. epiphyseal
5. depressed
6. greenstick
Term
Define osteoporosis
Definition
low bone mass and deterioration of microscopic architecture of bony skeleton
Term
Define osteomalacia
Definition
bones are inadequately mineralized resulting in soft and weak bones
Term
Define rickets
Definition
vitamin D deficiency that results in softening and distortion
ex. bow legs
Term
Define Paget's disease
Definition
excessive rates of bone deposition and bone reabsoption, resulting in soft and weak bones
Term
Define osteosarcoma
Definition
form of bone cancer, cancer cells deriving from osteoblast-like cells
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