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Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Lecture Test 3
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/28/2011

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Term
Compact Bone
Definition
Dense outer layer
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
Homycomb of trabeculae, filled with yellow bone marrow. Internal portion
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones. Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity. Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity.
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
Expanded ends of long bones. Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone. Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline cartilage). Epiphyseal line (metaphysis) separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses. Remnant of epiphyseal plate hyaline cartilage that lengthens the bones during childhood
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Double-layered protective membrane of the bone. Anchoring point for tendons and ligaments. Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue. Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblast and osteoclasts. Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels which enter the bone via nutrient foramina. Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
Bone forming
Term
Osteoclast
Definition
Bone destroying
Term
Endosteum
Definition
Delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of the bone.
Term
Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
Definition
Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploe) on the inside. Have no diaphysis or epiphyses. Contain bone marrow between the traceculae
Term
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue: Infants
Definition
Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone
Term
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue: Adults
Definition
Found in the diploe (endosteum covered spongy bone) of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus
Term
Hematopietic Tissue
Definition
Haverisan System
Term
Lamella
Definition
Weight-bearing, column like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
Term
Haversian (central) Canal
Definition
central channel containing blood vessels and nerves. Haversian runs vertically
Term
Volkmann's Canals
Definition
Perforating canals, channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the haversian canal. Volkmann's run horizontally
Term
Oysteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells, found between lamellar junctions
Term
Lacunae
Definition
Small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes. Found between lamellar junctions
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. Allow nutrients and waste to be transferred from cell to cell. Found between lamellar junctions.
Term
Microscopic structure of spongy bone
Definition
Appears to be unarranged. No osteons. Trabeculae arrange along lines of stress to help spongy bone resist stress
Term
Microscopic structure of compact bone
Definition
Haversian System or osteon, lamella, haversian canal, volkmann's canals, osteocytes, lacunae caliculi
Term
Osteoid
Definition
unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoprotiens, and collagen
Term
Organic Chemical composition of bone
Definition
Osteoblast, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts, Osteoid
Term
Inorganic Chemical Composition of Bone
Definition
Hydroxyapatites
Term
Haverisan System
Definition
Osteon. The structural unit of bone.
Term
Hydroxyapatites
Definition
Mineral Salts.
Sixty-five percent of bone by mass. Mainly calcium phosphates. Responsible for bone hardness and it's resistance to compression.
Term
Medullary Cavity
Definition
"middle" Cavity. Marrow cavity
Term
Osteogenesis/Ossification
Definition
Process of bone tissue formation.
Term
Formation of the bony skeleton
Definition
Begins at week 8 of embryo development
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Term
Endochonral Ossification
Definition
Bones forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
Formation of most of the flat bones of the skull and clavicles. Fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by mesenchymal cells
Term
Intramembranous Ossification: Step 1
Definition
Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. Selected mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center
Term
Intramembranous Ossification: Step 2
Definition
Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is mineralized within a few days. Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes
Term
Intramembranous Ossification: Step 3
Definition
Woven bone and periosteum form. Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels, which form a random network. The result is a network of trabeculae instead of lamella. Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum
Term
Intramembranous Ossification: Step 4
Definition
Bone collar of compact bone forms and the red marrow appears. Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced with matrue lamellar bone. Spongy bone (diploe) consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Begins in the second month of development.
Uses hyaline cartilage "bones" as models for bone construction. Requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Forms essentially all bones below the base of the skull
Term
Periosteal bud
Definition
Collection of elements containing a nutrient artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Part of endochondral ossification.
Term
Bone/Cartilage growth: Appositional
Definition
Cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
Term
Bone/Cartilage growth: Interstitial
Definition
Lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within.
Term
Postnatal Bone Growth: Abbreviations
Definition
GTO: Growth zone, Transformation zone, Osteogenic Zone

QMCO: Quiescent zone, Mitosis zone, Calcification Zone, Ossification zone
Term
Functional Zones in long bone growth:
Growth Zone
Definition
Cartilage cells closer to the diaphysis undergo mitosis, pushing the epihysis aways from diaphysis.
Term
Functional Zones in long bone growth:
Transformation Zone
Definition
Older chondrocytes enlarge and die, matrix becomes calcified, matrix begins to deteriorate
Term
Functional Zones in long bone growth:
Osteogenic Zone
Definition
New bone formation occurs.
Term
Bone remodeling
Definition
Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth. Adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone a periosteal and endosteal surfaces
Term
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth:
Infancy and childhood
Definition
Epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by growth hormone
Term
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth during youth: Puberty
Definition
Testosterone and estrogens: Initially promote adolescent growth spurts, cause masculinization and feminzation of specific parts of the skeleton, later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth
Term
Bone deposition
Definition
Occurs where bone is injured of added strength is needed. Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamines C,D,A, calcium, phosphorus magnesium and manganese. Alkaline phosphate is essential for mineralization of bone.
Term
Bone deposition
Definition
Sites of new matrix deposition are revealed by the:
Osteiod Seam: Unmineralized band of bone matrix
Calcification front: Abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone
Term
Osteoid Seam
Definition
Unmineralized band of bone matrix. Part of bone deposition.
Term
Calcification Front
Definition
Abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone. Part of Bone Deposition
Term
Resorption Bays
Definition
Grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix
Term
Importance of Ionic Calcium
Definition
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation
Secretion by glands and nerve cells
Cell division
Term
Bone remodeling control
Definition
Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood.
Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton
Term
Bone fracture: Classification
Definition
Position of the bone ends after fracture Completeness of the break
Orientation of the bone to the long axis
Skin penetration
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