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Chapter 6b
Bones and Skeletal Tissues: part B
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/23/2012

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Cards

Term
Osteogenesis (ossification)
Definition
bone tissue formation
Term
Stages of Osteogenesis
Definition

1.bone formation-begins in the 2nd month of development

2. postnatal bone growth- until early adulthood

3. bone remodeling and repair- lifelong

Term
Two types of Ossification
Definition

1. Intramembranous ossification

2. Endochondral ossification

Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane; forms flat bones (calvicle and cranial)
Term
Endochonral Ossification
Definition
Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; forms most of the rest of the skeleton
Term
Stages of ossification
Definition

1. ossification centers appear in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

2. Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane and calcifies.

3. Woven bone and periosteum form

4. lamellar bone replaces woven bone, just deep to the periosteum. Red marrow appears.

 

Term
Stages of Endochondral ossification
Definition

1. bone collar forms around hyaline cartilage

2. cartilage in center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities.

3. the periosteal bud inavades the internal cavities and spongy bone begins to form.

4. the diaphysis elonagtes and a meddullary cavity forms as ossification continues.

5. the epiphyses ossify. When completed, hyaline cartilages remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

Term
Interstitial growth
Definition
Length of the long bone
Term
Appositional growth
Definition
thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on  bone surfaces
Term
Epiphyseal plate cartilages functional zones
Definition

1. proliferation

2. hypertrophic

3. calcification

4. ossification (osteogenic)

Term
Proliferation zone
Definition
cartilage cells undergo mitosis
Term
Hypertrophic zone
Definition
older cartilage cells enlarge
Term
Calcification zone
Definition
matrix becomes calcified; cartilages cells die; matrix begins deteriorating
Term
Ossification zone
Definition
new bone formation is occuring
Term
Growth hormone
Definition
stimulates epiphyseal plate activity
Term
Thyroid hormone
Definition
modulates activity of growth hormone
Term
Testosterone and estrogen (at puberty)
Definition
promotes adolescent growth spurts; end growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
Term
Bone deposit
Definition
occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed
Term
Bone deposit requirments
Definition
a diet rich in protein; vitamins C,D, and A;calcium; phosphorus;magnesium; and manganese
Term
New matrix deposit are revealed by the
Definition

1. Osteiod seam-unmieralized band of matrix

2. calcification front- abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone

Term
Osteoclasts secrete
Definition
Lysosomal enzymes (digest organic matrix); acids (convert calcium salts into soluble forms)
Term
Bone resorption
Definition
dissolved matrix is transcytosed across osteoclast, enters interstitial fluid and then blood
Term

What contols continual remodeling of bone?

 

Definition
hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homeostasis in the blood; mechanical and gravitational forces
Term
Calcium in hormonal control of blood Ca is necessary for
Definition

1. transmission of nerve impulses

2. muscle contraction

3. blood coagulation

4. secretion by glands and nerve cells

5. cell division

Term
Wolf's law
Definition
a bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it
Term
Obsevations supporting Wolff's law
Definition

1. handedness results in bone of one upper limb being thicker and stronger

2. curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle

3. trabeculae form along lines of stress

4. Trabeculae form along lines of stress

5. large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach

Term
bone fractures classifications
Definition

1. position of bone ends after fracture

2. completeness of the break

3. orientation of the break to the long axis of the bone

4. whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin

Term
Position of bone ends after fracture
Definition

1. nondisplaced- ends retain normal position

2. displaced- ends out of normal alignment

Term
Completeness of the break
Definition

1. complete- broken all the way through

2. Incomplete- not broken all the way through

Term
Orientaaion of the breaak to the long axis of the bone
Definition

1. Linear- parallel to long axis of the bone

2. transverse- perpendicular to the long axis of the bone

Term
Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin
Definition

1. compound (open)- bone ends penetrate the skin

2. simple (closed)- bon ends do not penetrate the skin

Term
Common types of fractures
Definition

1. location

2. external appearance

3. nature of the break

Term
Comminuted fracture
Definition
bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
Term
Compression fracture
Definition
bone is crushed
Term
Spiral fracture
Definition
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
Term
Epiphyseal fracture
Definition
epiphysis seperate from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
Term
Depressed fracture
Definition
broken bone portion is pressed inward
Term
Greenstick fracture
Definition
bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks. only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends
Term
Stages in the healing of a bone fracture
Definition

1. Hematoma forms

2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

3. Bony callus formation

4. Bone remodeling

 

Term
Hematoma forms
Definition
torn blood vessels hemorrhage, clot forms, site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
Term
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
Definition

1. phagocytic cells clear debris

2. osteoblasts begins forming spongy bone in 1 week

 3. fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends

Term
Bony callus formation
Definition

1. new trabeculae form a bony(hard) callus

2. bony callus formation continues until firm union is formed in ~2 months

Term
Bone remodeling
Definition

1. in response to mechanical stressors over several months

2. final structure resembles original

Term
Osteomalacia and rickets
Definition

calcium salts not deposited, cause bowed legs and other bone deformities ( childhood disease)

 

caused: vitamin D deficiency or insffiecient dietary calcium

Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
loss of one mass; spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture
Term
Risk factors for osteoporosis
Definition
lack of estrogen, calcium or vitmain D; petite body form; immobility; low levels of TSH; diabetes mellitus
Term
Osteoporosis: treatment and prevention
Definition
calcium, vitamin D, and fluoride supplements, weight-bearing exercise; hormone (estrogen) slows bone loss; some drugs
Term
Paget's disease
Definition
excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis, femur, or skull
Term
Pagetic's disease ratio
Definition
has a very high ratio of spongy to compact bone and reduced minerlization; has no cause
Term
Paget's disease treatment
Definition
calcitonin and biphosphonates
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