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| The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column. These elements form the longitudinal axis of the body. |
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| The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. |
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| Flat bones have thin, roughly parallel surfaces. Flat bones form the roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae. They provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles. |
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| irregular bones formed between cranial bones; number, size and shape vary |
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| relatively long and slender; examples: various bones of the limbs |
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| complex shapes; examples: vertebrea, bones of the pelvis, and facial bones |
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| small, flat, and somewhat shaped like a sesame seed; develop in tendons of the knee, hands, and feet, individual variation in location and number |
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| small and boxy; examples: bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals) |
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| Compare a tubercle with a turberosity |
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Definition
| a turbercle is a small, rounded projection, a turberosity is a small rough projection that may occupy a broad area of the bone surface. |
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Definition
| consists largely of spongy bone (trabecular bone); network of struts and plates; resists forces from various directions and directs body weight to diaphysis and joints |
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| covers portions of the epiphysis that articulate with other bones; avascular and receives resources from synovial fluid |
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| connects epiphysis to shaft |
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| shaft; contains medullary cavity |
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| innermost part or marrow cavity, is a space within the hollow shaft. |
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| is a tunnel that penetrates the diaphysis and provides access for the nurtrient artery and/or vein. |
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| metaphyseal artery and metaphyseal vein |
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Definition
| carry blood to and from the area of the metaphysis and to the epiphysis through epiphyseal arteries and veins. |
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| most numerous bone cells that cannot divide responsible for the maintance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone |
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| remove and remodel bone matrix; giant cells with 50+ nuclei; release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and release stored minerals. |
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| cell that produces the fibers and matrix of bone |
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| a pocket sandwiched in between layers of matrix (lamellae);connected with canaliculi |
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| Mesenchymal (stem) cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; important in fracture repair |
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Definition
| accounts for 2/3 bone weight; interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite salts; provides strength |
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| basic histological unit of compact bone , consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae. |
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the layer that surrounds bone, consisting of an outer
fibrous region and inner cellular region. |
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| created by osteoblast in the periosteum cellular layer; strongly connect tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone through periosteum. |
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| incomplete cellular lining on the medullary surfaces of bone. |
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