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Chapter 6
Osseous Tissue & Bone Structure
27
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/17/2013

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Term
Axial skeleton
Definition
The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column. These elements form the longitudinal axis of the body.
Term
Appendicular skeleton
Definition
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Term
Flat bones
Definition
Flat bones have thin, roughly parallel surfaces. Flat bones form the roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae. They provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles.
Term
Sutural bones
Definition
irregular bones formed between cranial bones; number, size and shape vary
Term
Long bones
Definition
relatively long and slender; examples: various bones of the limbs
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
complex shapes; examples: vertebrea, bones of the pelvis, and facial bones
Term
Sesamoid bones
Definition
small, flat, and somewhat shaped like a sesame seed; develop in tendons of the knee, hands, and feet, individual variation in location and number
Term
Short bones
Definition
small and boxy; examples: bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)
Term
surface feature
Definition
bone markings
Term
Compare a tubercle with a turberosity
Definition
a turbercle is a small, rounded projection, a turberosity is a small rough projection that may occupy a broad area of the bone surface.
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
consists largely of spongy bone (trabecular bone); network of struts and plates; resists forces from various directions and directs body weight to diaphysis and joints
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
covers portions of the epiphysis that articulate with other bones; avascular and receives resources from synovial fluid
Term
Metaphysis
Definition
connects epiphysis to shaft
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
shaft; contains medullary cavity
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
innermost part or marrow cavity, is a space within the hollow shaft.
Term
Nutrient foramen
Definition
is a tunnel that penetrates the diaphysis and provides access for the nurtrient artery and/or vein.
Term
metaphyseal artery and metaphyseal vein
Definition
carry blood to and from the area of the metaphysis and to the epiphysis through epiphyseal arteries and veins.
Term
osteocytes
Definition
most numerous bone cells that cannot divide responsible for the maintance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone
Term
osteoclast
Definition
remove and remodel bone matrix; giant cells with 50+ nuclei; release acids and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and release stored minerals.
Term
osteoblast
Definition
cell that produces the fibers and matrix of bone
Term
lacunae
Definition
a pocket sandwiched in between layers of matrix (lamellae);connected with canaliculi
Term
osteoprogenitor cells
Definition
Mesenchymal (stem) cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts; important in fracture repair
Term
Calcium phosphate
Definition
accounts for 2/3 bone weight; interacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite salts; provides strength
Term
osteon
Definition
basic histological unit of compact bone , consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae.
Term
periosteum
Definition
the layer that surrounds bone, consisting of an outer
fibrous region and inner cellular region.
Term
perforating fibers
Definition
created by osteoblast in the periosteum cellular layer; strongly connect tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules to bone through periosteum.
Term
endosteum
Definition
incomplete cellular lining on the medullary surfaces of bone.
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