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Chapter 6
(Ch.6) Skeletal System
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/03/2013

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Term
osteoblast
Definition
bone forming cells
secrete extracellular matrix: ground substance & collagen fibers
once surrounded by matrix->osteocytes
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature cells located in lacunae
monitor and maintain bone matrix
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
large, multinucleate
break down (resorb) bone
release enzymes which breakdown extracellular matrix & acid which breaks down minerals
Term
compact bone
Definition
appears smooth and solid to naked eye
composed of osteons
Term
lamella
Definition
osteon composed of this->hollow tubes inside each other
Term
lamella
Definition
extracellular matrix of connective tissue->
collagen fibers and calcium phosphate
Term
collagen fibers
Definition
give lamella ability to withstand mechanical stress
Term
calcium phosphate
Definition
harden around collagen fibers ground substance
Term
central (Haversia) canal
Definition
channel through center of osteon
contains nerves, blood, & lymphatic vessels
Term
perforating (Volkman's) canal
Definition
channels lying at right angles to central canal
connecting vessels and nerve supply of periosteum to central canal
Term
lacunae
Definition
small spaces between lamella
location of mature, living bone cells->osteocytes
Term
canaliculi
Definition
hairlike canals connect all lacunae and central canal
contain osteocyte extensions
Term
gap junction
Definition
all osteocytes are connected by these which relay nutrients and wastes
Term
spongy bone
Definition
honeycomb of flat and needlelike pieces->trabeculae
no osteons
irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, canaliculi
space between contains yellow bone marrow
Term
periosteum
Definition
compact bone surface
double-layered membrane
nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels enter diaphysis via nutrient foramina
Term
periosteum
Definition
covering superficial bone surface
outer fibrous layer- dense connective tissue
inner osteogenic later (cells)- osteoblasts and osteoclasts
secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers
Term
Sharpey's fibers
Definition
collagen fibers which secure periosteum to underlying bone
Term
nutrient foramina
Definition
the process by which nerve fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels enter diaphysis
Term
dense irregular tissue
Definition
outer fibrous layer is composed of this type of tissue
Term
inner osteogenic layer
Definition
part of periosteum composed of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Term
endosteum
Definition
delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone
lines medullary cavity and membrane
contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Term
bone marrow
Definition
soft tissue that fills the hollow space of some bones
Term
red bone marrow
Definition
active bone marrow
contains stem cells that will develop into different types of blood cells
location- spongy bone of epiphysis in long bones and flat bones(adults)
Term
yellow bone marrow
Definition
inactive bone marrow
contains adipoctyes
location-medullary cavities(adults)
Term
ossification
Definition
osseus connective tissue formation
Term
embryos
Definition
formation of bony skeleton occurs in ________
Term
infancy through adolescence
Definition
bone growth occurs during this period
Term
throughout life
Definition
bone remodeling and repair occurs when?
Term
intramembraneous ossification
Definition
bone formation from dense (fibrous) connective tissue
formation of flat bones
Term
endochondrial ossification
Definition
bone formation from hyaline cartilage connective tissue
formation of long, short, and irregular bones
Term
chondrocytes
Definition
cells of cartilage which trigger calcification
Term
calcification
Definition
chondrocytes enlarge and trigger deposition of calcium from blood vessels
Term
bone formation from dense(fibrous) CT
Definition
where does intramembranous ossification occur?
Term
flat bones
Definition
which bones develop by intramembranous ossification?
Term
embryonic development
Definition
during which period(s) of human life cycle does intramembranous ossification occur?
Term
bone formation from hyaline cartilage
Definition
where does endochondral ossification occur?
Term
long bones, short bones, irregular bones
Definition
which bones develop by endochondral ossification?
Term
embryonic development
Definition
during which period(s) of human life cycle does endochondral ossification occur?
Term
hormones (growth hormones, sex hormones, thyroid hormones)
Definition
what controls lengthwise bone growth?
Term
from infancy through adolescence
Definition
during which period(s) of human life cycle does lengthwise bone growth occur?
Term
from infancy through adolescence
Definition
during which period(s) of human life cycle does diametric bone growth occur?
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
produced by parathyroid glands
Term
epiphyseal plate/line
Definition
hyaline cartilage connective tissue plate
separates diaphysis and epiphysis
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
composed of hyaline cartilage connective tissue
covers joint surface of each epiphysis
Term
bone deposition
Definition
addition of new bone by osteoblasts
Term
bone resorption
Definition
removal of bone by osteoclasts
Term
bone deposition
Definition
-occurs where bone is injured, extra strength is required(areas of mechanical stress) or to replace bone that has been resorbed
-osteoblasts produce extracellular matrix
-crystals of calcium and phosphate form around collagen fiber of matrix
Term
bone resorption
Definition
-surface of osteoclast is in direct contact w/ bone surface
-secretes enzymes breaking down extracellular matrix
-secrete acid which dissolves calcium and phosphate crystals and converts to soluble form (enter bloodstream)
Term
support
protection
movement
mineral storage
blood cell formation
Definition
five functions of skeletal system
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
meniscus of knee
intervertebral disc
pubic symphysis
Term
elastic cartilage ct
Definition
external ear
Term
hyaline articular cartilage
Definition
articular cartilage
costal cartilage
nasal cartilage
Term
calcitonin
Definition
produced by the thyroid gland
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
secretes ground substance and collagen fibers
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