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Chapter 6
Bone Structure
27
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/24/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Axial Skeleton

Definition

 

 

 

Bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column

 

Form longitudinal axis of the body

Term

 

 

 

 

Appendicular Skeleton

Definition

 

 

 

 

Bones, limbs, and girdles that attaches themselves to the axial skeleton

Term

 

 

 

Functions of the skeletal system

Definition

 

- Support

 

- Storage of minerals

 

- Blood cell production

 

- Protection

 

- Leverage

Term

 

 

 

 

Six categories of bones

(based on shapes)

Definition

- Flat bones

 

- Sutural bones

 

- Long bones

 

- Irregular bones

 

- Sesamoid bones

 

- Short bones

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Flat bones

Definition

 

 

 

 

- Thin, roughly parallel surface

 

- Cranial, sternum

Term

 

 

 

 

Sutural bones

Definition

 

 

 

 

- Irregular bones formed between the cranial

 

- Number, size, and shape vary

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Long bones

Definition

 

 

 

 

- relatively long and slender

 

- various bones of the limbs

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Irregular bones

Definition

 

 

 

 

- Complex shapes

 

- vertebrae, bones of pelvis, facial bones

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Sesamoid bones

Definition

 

 

 

- Small, flat, and somewhat shaped like a sesame seed

 

- Develop in tendons, knees, and hands

 

 - Individual variation in location and number

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Short bones

Definition

 

 

 

- Small and boxy

 

- bones of the wrists (carpals) and ankles (tarsals)

Term

 

 

 

 

Skull Surface Features

Definition

 

- Canal or meatus (large passageway)

 

- Process (projection or bump)

 

- Sinus (chamber within bone, usually filled with air)

 

- Foramen (small rounded passageway)

 

- Fissure (elongated cleft or gap)

Term

 

 

 

 

Humerus surface features

Definition

- Head (expanded proximal end that forms part of joint)

 

- Tubercle (small, rounded projection)

 

- Sulcus (deep, narrow grove)

 

- Tuberosity (small, rough projection; may occupy broad area)

 

- Diaphysis (shaft; elongated body)


- Trochlea (smooth, grooved articular process)


- Condyle (smooth, rounded articular process)

 

Term

 

 

 

 

Femur surface features

Definition

- Trochanter (large, rough projection)

 

- Head 

 

- Neck (narrow connection between head and diaphysis)

 

- Diaphysis

 

- Facet (small, flat articular surface)

 

- Condyle

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Pelvis surface features

Definition

- Crest (prominent ridge)

 

- Fossa (shallow depression or recess)

 

- Line (low ridge; more delicate than crest)

 

- Spine (pointed or narrow process)

 

- Ramus (extension that make angles with rest of structure)

Term

 

 

 

 

Four bone cells types

Definition

 

 

- Osteocytes

 

- Osteoblasts

 

- Osteoprogenitor cells

 

- Osteoclasts

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Osteocytes

Definition

 

 

- Mature bone cells that cannot divide

 

- Most numerous bone cell type

 

- Maintain protein and minerals content

 

- Occupy lacunae (pocket)

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Osteoblasts

Definition

 

 

- Produce new bony matrix

 

- release of proteins and other organic components to produced unmineralized matrix (Osteoid)

 

- deposit calcium salt to transform osteoid into bones

Term

 

 

 

 

Osteoprogenitor cells

Definition

- Mesenchymal (stem) cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

 

- Important in fracture repair

 

- Located:

 

~inner lining of periosteum

 

~lining endosteum in medullary cavity

 

- lining passageways containing blood cells

Term

 

 

 

 

Osteoclasts

Definition

 

 

- Remove and remodel bone matrix

 

- Giant cells with 50+ nuclei

 

- Release acid and proteolytic enzymes to dissolve matrix and released stored minerals

Term

 

 

 

 

Osteolysis

Definition

 

 

 

 

 

loosening

Term

 

 

 

 

Compact bones

Definition

 

 

- Functional unit is osteon

 

- Canaliculi connect lacunae with each other and central canal

 

- Strong along its length

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Spongy bone

Definition

 

- Located where bones not heavily stressed or in many directions 

 

- Lamellae form struts and plates (trabeculae) creating an open network

 

- Reduces weight of skeleton

 

- No blood vessels in matrix

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Periosteum

Definition

- Two layers:

 

~Fibrous outer layer

 

~Cellular Inner Layer

 

Functions:

 

~Isolate bones from surrounding tissues

 

~Route for blood and nervous supply


~Actively participate in bone growth and repair

 

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