Term
| British advantage and American disadvantage going into the War |
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Definition
Britain: financial resources
48,000 person standing army
experienced officers, waging war on credit
America:
lacked strong central government
18,000 recruited army
poor training |
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ordered by Lord North to capture New York City and seize the Hudson River, thereby dividing the colony in half --> Battle of Long Island
Howe wanted to compromise with America, and his policy on battles was to deter them and cause them to give up |
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| George Washington crosses the Delaware River and stages a surprise attack on Trenton, forcing the surrender of German soldiers |
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Gentleman Johnny, surrendered at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777
turning point in the war for America, who captured 5,000 British troops and caused the French to decide to help the Americans |
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| led the American troops at the Battle of Saratoga |
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British naval blockade cut off supplies from European manufactures
disrupted fishing industry
British occupation of Boston, New York, and Philadelphia reduced domestic trade and manufacturing |
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| former Prussian military officer who encouraged stricter professionalism in the army |
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| diplomats including Benjamin Franklin exploited France's rivalry with England to gain their support for American independence |
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Continental Congress agreed to acknowledge all French conquests in the West Indies
they wouldn't sign a separate peace until America received freedom
gave American financial confidence |
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| was the French foreign minister determined to avenge the loss of Quebec and persuaded Louis XVI to give the colonies a secret loan |
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implemented the British Southern Strategy, to take over the Chesapeake due to their rich resources for exports and their Loyalist populations
1780: gained control of coastal Georgia followed by the surrender of Charleston and South Carolina |
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| recaptured the Carolinas through tactics of war of attrition (guerilla warfare) |
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assumed control of British forces for Clinton after the surrender of the Carolinas
defeated in the Battle of Yorktown, October 1781
France sent naval reinforcements who captured Chesapeake Bay, coming to the aid of Yorktown, where Washington secretly marched his army and the French from Rhode Island to Virginia |
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Term
| Factors that helped the colonists |
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Definition
French aid
British blunders (Howe and Burgoyne)
2/3rds population support (tax payers, militias, patriots)
guerilla tactics
George Washington
diminishing support for the War in Britain |
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Britain formally recognizes the American independence
no separate Indian territory |
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Britain makes peace with France and Spain
Spain reclaims Florida |
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| anti-monarchy, anti-birthright, popular sovereignty |
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John Adams, adapted the Whig theory of mixed government with 3 branches: legislative, executive, and judiciary
bi-cameral legislature of upper and lower class
appointed, not elected judiciary |
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| among the Loyalists who suffered after the Revolution through severe financial loss as well as alienation both in the colonies and in England |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| each state retains sovereignty, freedom, and independence |
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Term
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superintendent of finance, expanded the confederation's authority by:
chartering the Bank of North America to stabilize inflation
created the central bureaucracy that paid army expenses and war debt |
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| Thomas Jefferson, divided the Northwest region into territories that could become states as their population grew |
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| encouraged large-scale land purchases, encouraging expansion |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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Definition
established distinct borders and regulations for new territories including what became Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin
the money the government earned from selling these lands funded schools in these territories
creating an infrastructure
prohibited slavery |
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wealthy businessmen sold land to smallholders for more than it was worth to redeem war bonds from investors
the smallholders did not have the currency to pay their taxes and so their land was getting confiscated
there were no current debtor-relief legislation
mobs of smallholders protested these tax increases and property seizures |
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| passed by the Massachusetts state legislature to break up the rebellion (Governor James Bowdoin) |
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