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1. Pax Romana (pox roh-MAHN-uh) |
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| The Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, is a Latin term referring to the Empire in its glorified prime. From the end of the Republican civil wars, beginning with the accession of Augustus in 27 BC, this era in Roman history lasted until 180 AD and the death of Marcus Aurelius |
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| A republic is a form of government in which the head of state is not a monarch and the people (or at least a part of its people) have an impact on its government. The word 'republic' is derived from the Latin phrase res publica which can be translated as "a public affair". |
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| a subdivision of the Roman legion |
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| 4. oligarch (AWL-ih-gark) |
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| a member or supporter of an oligarchy |
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| either of two annually elected chief magistrates of the Roman republic |
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| an assembly or council usually possessing high deliberative and legislative functions: as a : the supreme council of the ancient Roman republic and empire |
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| 406?–453 the Scourge of God king of the Huns |
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| 8. Punic Wars (Pyoon-ick) |
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| Wars fought between Rome and Carthage in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE |
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| refers both to an ancient city in present-day Tunisia, and a modern-day suburb of Tunis. The civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic or Carthaginian. The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the center of Tunis. According to Roman legend it was founded in 814 BC by Phoenician colonists under the leadership of Elissa (Queen Dido) |
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| An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates |
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| 11. plebeian (pleh-BEE-an) |
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| Of or relating to the common people of ancient Rome |
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| A person of refined upbringing, manners, and tastes |
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| 13. paterfamilias (PAH-ter fah-MEE-lee-us) |
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| A man who is the head of a household or the father of a family. |
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| The Conflict of the Orders, also referred to as the Struggle of the Orders, was a political struggle between the Plebeians (commoners) and Patricians (aristocrats) of the ancient Roman Republic, in which the Plebeians sought political equality with the Patricians |
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| The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, were a pair of young men known as tribunes in 2nd century BC who attempted to pass land reform legislation in Ancient Rome that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians |
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| was a Roman general and politician elected consul an unprecedented seven times during his career. He was also noted for his dramatic reforms of Roman armies, authorizing recruitment of landless citizens and reorganizing the structure of the legions into separate cohorts. |
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| 17. triumvirate (try-UHM-veer-uht) |
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| is a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals, each a triumvir (pl. triumviri). The arrangement can be formal or informal, and though the three are usually equal on paper, in reality this is rarely the case |
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| was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. He came from wealthy Italian provincial background, and established himself in the ranks of Roman nobility by successful leadership in several campaigns |
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| 20. Octavian/Augustus Caesar |
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| Grand nephew of Julius Caesar and Roman Emporer |
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| General for Julius Caesar and one of his closest friends |
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| last effective pharoh of Egypt |
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| 23. Battle of Actium (ACT-ee-um) |
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| It was fought between the forces of Octavian and the combined forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. The battle took place on 2 September 31 BC, on the Ionian Sea near the Roman colony of Actium in Greece |
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| 24. imperator (im-pear-AHT-or) |
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| The Latin word Imperator was a title originally roughly equivalent to commander during the period of the Roman Republic |
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| is an elliptical amphitheatre in the center of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire |
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| is a historical name used in the context of the Roman Empire in references to the region of Western Europe approximating present day France and Belgium |
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| was a classical Roman poet, best known for three major works—the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the Aeneid—although several minor poems are also attributed to him. |
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| 28. Mithraism (myth-ray-IS-uhm) |
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| was a mystery religion which became popular among the military in the Roman Empire, from the 1st to 4th centuries AD |
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| was a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs, whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world |
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| were religious cults of the Greco-Roman world, |
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| 31. stoicism (STOW-ih-siss-uhm) |
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| was a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC |
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| 32. Constantine (CON-stan-teen) |
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| known in English as Constantine II, (316-340) was Roman Emperor from 337 to 340. The eldest son of Constantine the Great and Fausta, he was born at Arles, and was raised as a Christian |
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| was the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors |
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| 34. Edict of Milan (MEE-lawn) |
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| The Edict of Milan was issued in 313, in the names of the Emperors Constantine, who ruled the western parts of the empire, and Licinius, who ruled the east. The two Augusti were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius. |
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| The Celts were a group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia |
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| Rome and the barbarians from 300 B.C. to A.D. 600, you learn that the definition of barbarian was, effectively, the "next group not under Roman control." And you see how that definition was always changing, as former barbarians became assimilated into the Roman world, becoming provincials and, often, eventually Romanized themselves. |
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| were a heterogeneous East Germanic tribe. The historian Jordanes claimed that the Goths arrived from semi-legendary Scandza, believed to be somewhere in modern Götaland (Sweden) |
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| 38. Justinian I (jus-TIN-ee-an) |
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| was the second member of the Justinian Dynasty (after his uncle, Justin I) and Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death. He is considered a saint amongst Eastern Orthodox Christians, and is also commemorated by some Lutheran Churches[1]; at the other end of the scale, his contemporary, Procopius, viewed Justinian as a cruel, venal, and incompetent ruler.[2] |
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| is the modern name[1] for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. |
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| 40. iconoclasm (eye-CON-oh-klasm) |
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| is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments, usually for religious or political motives |
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