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Chapter 6 - Skeletal Tissues and Bones
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37
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/16/2010

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Term
Which connective tissues is the skeleton made up of?
Definition
Cartilage and bone
Term
Skeleton starts as ____, then ______ to become _______.
Definition
Skeleton starts as cartilage, then ossifies to become bones.
Term
Cartilage's:
1. Vascularity
2. Cells that form cartilage
3. Ability to regenerate
4. Tissue that supplies nutrients
5. Types of cartilage
Definition
1. Avascular
2. Chondroblasts
3. Poor
4. Perichondrium
5. Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
Term
Characteristics of hyaline cartilage
Definition
made up of collagen fibers; strong, slightly flexible; most abundant type of cartilage
Term
Types of Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
1. Articular - found at the joints
2. Costal - connects ribs to sternum
3. Nasal - outside of nose
4. Respiratory - trachea, larynx
Term
Characteristics of Elastic Cartilage
Definition
Made up of more elastic fibers; much more flexible; located at the outer ear and the epiglottis
Term
Characteristics of Fibrocartilage
Definition
Chondrocytes interspersed with collagen fibers; strong, yet compressible; shock-absorber; located at knee joints, pelvis, and intervertebral joints.
Term
Classification of Bone According to Shape
Definition
1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
Term
Characteristics of Long Bones
Definition
1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphyses
3. Epiphyseal Line
4. Periosteum
5. Endosteum
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Long shaft of the long bone; contains the medullar cavity, which holds yellow marrow
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
Located on the proximal and distal ends of the long bone
Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition
Remnant of the Epiphyseal Cavity, which was full of Hyaline cartilage to separate the diaphysis from the epiphyses
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Membrane that covers the entirety of the outside of the bone. Made up of dense irregular CT, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
Term
Endosteum
Definition
Lines the medullary cavity. Delicate CT membrane, also made up of osteoblasts/clasts
Term
Short bones
Definition
cube-like. Make up the tarsals, carpals, and patellae
Term
Flat bones
Definition
Flat. (duh) Includes the sternum, scapulae, ribs, and some roofing bones of the skull
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
Hip bone, some facial bones, vertebrae
Term
Projections to attach muscle
Definition
1. Tuberosity - large rounded projection
2. Tubercle - small rounded projection
3. Epicondyle - small projections on the condyle
Term
Projections to form joints
Definition
Condyle - articular and rounded
Term
Depressions/Openings that allow blood vessels and nerves passage
Definition
1. Foramen - wide, oval-like passage
2. Fissure - narrow, crack-like passage
3. Meatus - canal-like
Term
Types of bone classification according to osseous tissue
Definition
1. Compact
2. Spongy
Term
Definition of Compact Bone
Definition
Smooth, dense appearance; structural unit = osteons
Term
Osteons
Definition
Made up of multiple units of bone matrices, called LAMELLA
Term
Lamella
Definition
Made of collagen fibers that run in opposite directions, giving a good resistance to twisting. Surround the Haversian Canal
Term
Haversian Canal
Definition
Center of lamella, runs parallel to the osteon's center. Carries blood and nerves throughout the length of the bone.
Term
Lacuna
Definition
Located inside of the lamella. House the osteocytes
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Located inside the lacuna. Are the "Feeling" communicators of the bone
Term
Calicupuli
Definition
hair-like connectors of lacunae
Term
Perforating canals
Definition
carry blood and nerves across the osteon, perpendicularly, from periosteum to periosteum.
Term
Spongy bone
Definition
No osteons. Structural unit is trabeculae
Term
Where do trabeculae form?
Definition
Along lines of stress
Term
Location of spongy bone in a long bone
Definition
In the epiphyses.
Term
The bony skeleton forms through the process of
Definition
ossification
Term
Two types of ossification
Definition
1. Intermembranous ossification = occurs in the flat bones of the skull and clavicle.
2. Endochondral = occurs in the already formed hyaline cartilage model in all the other bones below the skull besides the clavicle.
Term
Steps of intermembranous ossification
Definition
1. osteoblasts form in the fibrous connective tissue, secreting osteoids.
2. Calcium salt from blood deposits and causes the osteoids to form a bone matrix, trapping the osteoblasts within them to become osteocytes.
3. Spongy bone forms
4. Compact bone forms to encase the spongy bone
Term
Steps of Endochondral Ossification
Definition
1. Osteoids from the outside form a bone collar around a hyaline model
2. Chondrocytes enlarge and die, creating an opening for a central ossification center
3. The peripheal bud carries blood to the ossification center, along with osteoblasts, who begin the bone formation process.
Term
Name the four steps of bone repair
Definition
1. Hematoma formation = the vessels rupture and cause a hematoma. The lack of nutrients to cells causes inflammation.
2. Fibrocartialinous Callus formation = capillaries invade and introduce new osteoblasts and fibroblasts, along with phagocytes to clear up debris.
3. Bony Callus is formed - spongy tissue has begun to form.
4. Bone remodeling occurs
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