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Chapter 6 Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
Anatomy Skeletal System Bone Tissue Chapter 6 in Tortora
91
Anatomy
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10/28/2010

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Term
Functions of Bone and Skeletal System
Definition
Support
Protection
Assistance in Movement
Mineral Homeostasis
Blood Cell Production
Triglyceride Storage
Term
Support
Definition
Structural framework of the body
Supports soft tissues
Provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscle
Term
Protection
Definition
Protects important internal organs
Cranium protects brain
Vertebrae protects spinal cord
Ribs protect lungs and heart
Term
Assistance in Movement
Definition
Skeletal muscle attaches to bone
Skeletal muscle contraction pulls on bone producing movement
Term
Mineral Homeostasis
Definition
Bone tissue stores several minerals
Acts to serve as a reservoir of critical minerals
Calcium (99% of body’s content)
Phosphorus
Term
Blood Cell Production
Definition
Red bone marrow produces (Hemopoiesis)
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Term
Triglyceride Storage
Definition
Yellow bone marrow
Triglycerides stored in adipose cells
Serves as a potential chemical energy reserve
Term
Long Bone Anatomy
Definition
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Articular cartilage
Perforating fibers
Periosteum
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Term
Extracellular matrix surrounding widely separated cells
Definition
25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral salts
Term
The most abundant mineral salt is
Definition
calcium phosphate
Term
calcification
Definition
is initiated by bone-building cells called osteoblasts
Term
Mineral salts
Definition
are deposited and crystalize in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix
Term
Bone’s flexibility depends on
Definition
collagen fibers
Term
Four types of cells are present in bone tissue
Definition
Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells
Exchange nutrients and wastes with the blood
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
Bone-building cells
Synthesize extracellular matrix of bone tissue
Term
Osteogenic cells
Definition
Undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
Release enzymes that digest the mineral components of bone matrix (resorption)
Regulate blood calcium level
Term
Bone may be categorized as:
Definition
Compact
Spongy
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
Resists the stresses produced by weight and movement
Term
Components of compact bone are arranged into repeating structural units called
Definition
osteons or Haversian systems
Term
Osteons consist of
Definition
a central (Haversian) canal with concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi
Term
Osteon
Definition
Central canals run longitudinally through bone
Term
concentric lamellae
Definition
Rings of calcified matrix (like the rings of a tree trunk)
Term
Between the lamellae are small spaces called______, Which Contain, ________
Definition
lacunae which contain osteocytes
Term
Radiating in all directions from the lacunae are
Definition
canaliculi
Term
The organization of osteons changes in response to
Definition
to the physical demands placed on the skeleton
Term
Canaliculi connect lacunae, forming a
Definition
system of interconnected canals
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
Lacks osteons
Term
trabeculae
Definition
Lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns
Term
Spaces between the trabeculae make bones
Definition
lighter
Term
__________of spongy bone support and protect the red bone marrow
Definition
Trabeculae
Term
Hemopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in
Definition
spongy bone
Term
Within each trabecula are lacunae that contain
Definition
osteocytes
Term
Osteocytes are nourished from the blood circulating through the
Definition
trabeculae
Term
Interior bone tissue is made up primarily of
Definition
spongy bone
Term
The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented
Definition
along lines of stress
Term
Periosteal arteries
Definition
accompanied by nerves supply the periosteum and compact bone
Term
Epiphyseal veins
Definition
carry blood away from long bones
Term
The ___ is rich in sensory nerves sensitive to tearing or tension
Definition
Periosteum
Term
ossification
Definition
The process by which bone forms
Term
Bone formation occurs in four situations:
Definition
1) Formation of bone in an embryo
2) Growth of bones until adulthood
3) Remodeling of bone
4) Repair of fractures
Term
Formation of Bone in an Embryo
Definition
Cartilage formation and ossification occurs during the sixth week of embryonic development
Term
Bone formation follows one of two patterns
Definition
Intramembranous ossification
Endochondral ossification
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
Flat bones of the skull and mandible are formed in this way
“Soft spots” that help the fetal skull pass through the birth canal later become ossified forming the skull
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
Flat bones of the skull and mandible are formed in this way
“Soft spots” that help the fetal skull pass through the birth canal later become ossified forming the skull
Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition
The replacement of cartilage by bone
Most bones of the body are formed in this way including long bones
Term
The growth in length of long bones involves two major events:
Definition
1) Growth of cartilage on the epiphyseal plate
2) Replacement of cartilage by bone tissue in the epiphyseal plate
Term
Growth in Thickness
Definition
Bones grow in thickness at the outer surface
Term
Remodeling of Bone
Definition
Bone forms before birth and continually renews itself
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Old bone is continually destroyed and new bone is formed in its place throughout an individual’s life
Term
Remodeling of Bone
Definition
Bone forms before birth and continually renews itself
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Old bone is continually destroyed and new bone is formed in its place throughout an individual’s life
Term
A balance must exist between
Definition
the actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Term
If too much new tissue is formed, the bones become
Definition
abnormally thick and heavy
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
Excessive loss of calcium weakens the bones
Term
rickets and osteomalacia
Definition
bones may become too flexible
Term
Minerals
Definition
Large amounts of calcium and phosphorus and smaller amounts of magnesium, fluoride, and manganese are required for bone growth and remodeling
Term
Vitamins
Definition
Vitamin A stimulates activity of osteoblasts
Vitamin C is needed for synthesis of collagen
Vitamin D helps build bone by increasing the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood
Vitamins K and B12 are also needed for synthesis of bone proteins
Term
Thyroid hormones also promote bone growth by stimulating
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
Insulin promotes bone growth by increasing the synthesis of
Definition
bone proteins
Term
During childhood, the hormones most important to bone growth are
Definition
growth factors (IGFs), produced by the liver
Term
IGFs
Definition
stimulate osteoblasts, promote cell division at the epiphyseal plate, and enhance protein synthesis
Term
Estrogen and testosterone cause a dramatic effect on bone growth:Such as....
Definition
Cause of the sudden “growth spurt” that occurs during the teenage year
Promote changes in females, such as widening of the pelvis
Shut down growth at epiphyseal plates
Term
Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin
Definition
are other hormones that can affect bone remodeling
Term
Fracture Types
Definition
Open (compound) fracture
Closed (simple) fracture
Comminuted fracture
Greenstick fracture
Impacted fracture
Pott’s fracture
Colles’ fracture
Stress fracture
Term
Stress fracture
Definition
A series of microscopic fissures in bone
Term
Colles’ fracture
Definition
A fracture of the radius in which the distal fragment is displaced
Term
Pott’s fracture
Definition
Fracture of the fibula, with injury of the tibial articulation
Term
Impacted fracture
Definition
One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into another
Term
Greenstick fracture
Definition
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends
Term
Comminuted fracture
Definition
The bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces
Term
Closed (simple) fracture
Definition
Does not break the skin
Term
Open (compound) fracture
Definition
The broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin
Term
Bone
Definition
is the body’s major calcium reservoir
Term
Levels of calcium in the blood are maintained by controlling the rates of
Definition
of calcium resorption from bone into blood and of calcium deposition from blood into bone
Term
Both nerve and muscle cells depend on
Definition
calcium ions (Ca2+)
Term
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
regulates Ca2+ exchange between blood and bone tissue
Term
PTH increases the number and activity of
Definition
osteoclasts
Term
PTH acts on the kidneys to
Definition
decrease loss of Ca2+ in the urine
Term
PTH stimulates formation of
Definition
calcitriol a hormone that promotes absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract
Term
The thyroid gland secretes
Definition
calcitonin (CT) which inhibits activity of osteoclasts
Term
Bone tissue alters its strength in response to
Definition
changes in mechanical stress
Term
Under stress, bone tissue becomes stronger through deposition of mineral salts and production of collagen fibers by
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
Unstressed bones diminishes because of
Definition
the loss of bone minerals and decreased numbers of collagen fibers
Term
The main mechanical stresses on bone are those that result from
Definition
the pull of skeletal muscles and the pull of gravity
Term
Weight-bearing activities help
Definition
build and retain bone mass
Term
The level of sex hormones diminishes during
Definition
middle age, especially in women after menopause
Term
Female bones generally are
Definition
smaller and less massive than males
Term
Loss of bone mass in old age has a greater adverse effect in
Definition
females
Term
There are two principal effects of aging on bone tissue:
Definition
Loss of bone mass
Brittleness
Term
Loss of bone mass
Definition
Results from the loss of calcium from bone matrix
The loss of calcium from bones is one of the symptoms in osteoporosis
Term
Brittleness
Definition
Results from a decreased rate of protein synthesis
Collagen fibers gives bone its tensile strength
The loss of tensile strength causes the bones to become very brittle and susceptible to fracture
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