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Chapter 6 medical term
Digestive System
136
Anatomy
Graduate
09/24/2009

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Term
Bilirubin
Definition
Orange-colored or yellowish pigment in bile.  Bilirubin is formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal lifespans
Term
Bolus
Definition
Mass of masticated food ready to be swallowed
Term
Exocrine
Definition
Denotes a gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
Term
Sphincter
Definition
Circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening of the body.  An example of a sphincter is the lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter that constricts once food has passed into the stomach.
Term
Stomat/o
Definition

mouth

i.e. stomatitis - inflammation of the mouth

Term

Gloss/o

Lingu/o

Definition

Tongue

i.e. glossectomy

lingual

Term

Cheil/o

Labi/o

Definition

Lip

 

i.e. cheiloplasty

labial

Term

Dent/o

odont/o

Definition

teeth

 

i.e. dentist

orthodontist (orth means straight)

Term
gingiv/o
Definition
gums
Term
sial/o
Definition

saliva, salivary gland

i.e. sailolith (calculus formed in a salivary gland or duct)

Term
esophag/o
Definition
esophagus
Term
pharyng/o
Definition

pharynx

i.e. pharyngotonsillitis

Term
gastr/o
Definition
stomach
Term
pylor/o
Definition

pylorus

i.e. pylorospasm (involuntary contraction of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach, as in pyloric stenosis)

Term
duoden/o
Definition

duodenum (first pt. of SI)

i.e. duodenoscopy - visual examination of the duodenum

Term
enter/o
Definition
intestine (usually small)
Term
jejun/o
Definition
jejunum (2nd part of small intestine)
Term
ile/o
Definition

ileum (3rd part of small intestine)

i.e. ileostomy (an ileostomy creates an opening on the surface of the abdomen to allow feces to be discharged into a bag worn on the abdomen)

Term

append/o

appendic/o

Definition
appendix
Term

col/o

colon/o

Definition

colon

(a colostomy creates a place for fecal matter to exit the body wother than through the anus)

Term
sigmoid/o
Definition
sigmoid colon
Term
rect/o
Definition

rectum

i.e. rectocele; herniation or protrusion of the rectum; also called proctocele

Term
proct/o
Definition

anus, rectum

i.e. proctologist; physician who specializes in treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

Term
an/o
Definition

anus

i.e. perianal

Term
hepat/o
Definition
liver
Term
pancreat/o
Definition

pancreas

i..e. pancreatolysis: destruction of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes

Term
cholangi/o
Definition

bile vessel

i.e. cholangiole (small terminal portion of the bile duct)

Term
chole/o
Definition

gall, bile

i.e. cholelith: gallstones are solid masses composed of bile and cholesterol that form in the gallbladder and common bile duct

Term
cholecyst/o
Definition
gallbladder
Term
choledoch/o
Definition

bile duct

i.e. choledochoplasty: surgical repair of the common bile duct

Term
-emesis
Definition
vomit
Term
-iasis
Definition

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

i.e. cholelithiasis (when gallstones form in the common bile duct, the condition is called choledocolithiasis)

Term
-megaly
Definition

enlargement

i.e. hepatomegaly: hepatomegaly may be caused by hepatitis or infection, fatty infiltration (as in alcoholism), biliary obstruction, or malignancy.

Term
-orexia
Definition

appetite

i.e. anorexia - without appetite

Term
-pepsia
Definition
digestion
Term
-phagia
Definition

swallowing, eating

i.e. aerophagia (swallowing air)

Term
-prandial
Definition
meal
Term
-rrhea
Definition
discharge, flow
Term
dia-
Definition
through, across
Term
peri-
Definition

around

i.e. perisigmoiditis: inflammation of peritoneal tissue around the sigmoid colon

Term
sub-
Definition

under, below

i.e. sublingual

Term
Ulcer
Definition

Circumscribed open sore, on the skin or mucous membranes within the body.  Peptic ulcers are the most common type of ulcer that occurs in the digestive system.

Gastric culcers develop in the stomach

Duodenal ulcers develop in the duodenum usually near the stomach

Colitis: Ulcers develop in the colon

Term
Peptic ulcer Disease (PUD)
Definition
develops in the parts of the GI tract that are exposed to hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme secreted in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins. Leading cause of PUD is the Helicobacter pylori- bacteria that burrows into the mucosa, weakening it and making it more susceptible to the action of pepsin and stomach acid.
Term
Ulcerative Colitis
Definition
A chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum, commonly beginning in the rectum or sigmoid colon and extending upward into the entire colon.  Characterized by profuse, watery diarrhea containing varying amounts of blood, mucus, and pus.  Ulcerative colitis is associated with higher risk of colon cancer.
Term
Hernia
Definition

Protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of cavity in which it is naturally contained.

Inguinal hernia: develops in the groin wehre the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs.

Strangulated hernia: occurs when the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure, leading to necrosis with gangrene.

Umbilical herbia: a protrusion of part of the intestine at the navel: occurs more commonly in obese women and among those who have had several pregnancies.

Term

Diaphragmatic Hernia

 

Definition
congenital disorder
Term
Hiatal Hernia
Definition
lower part of the esophagus and the top of the esophagus and the top of the stomach slide through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm into the thorax.  Stomach acid backs up into the esophagus, causing heartburn, chest pain, and swallowing difficulty.  After time, it may cause gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Term
Intestinal Obstruction
Definition

Partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestine that prevents forward flow of digestive products.  Complete obstruction is a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and tx within 24 hours to prevent death. 

Mechanical blockage/ileus: Contents of the intestine are prevented from moving forward due to an obstacle or barrier that blocks the lumen. INcludes tumors, scar tissues (adhesions), intestinal twisting (volvulus), intestinal telescoping where part of the intestine slips into another part just beneath it (intussusceptions)

Nonmechanical blockage: paralytic ileus: peristaltic movement is lacking or absent and contents are no longer propelled through the intestine.

Term
Hemorrhoids
Definition
enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal.  May be internal or external, and may bleed, hurt, or itch.  Usually caused by abdominal pressure, such as from straining during bowel movment, pregnancy, and standing or sitting for long periods.  Prevent w high fiber and drinking lots of water and juice.  May temporarily be relieved by cold compresses, sitz baths, stool softeners, or analgesic ointments.
Term
Hepatits
Definition

Inflammatory condition of the liver often caused by exposure to toxic substances, espl. alcohol; obstructions int he bile ducts; metabolic diseases; autoimmune diseases; and bacterial or viral infections.

Hepatitis A: IInfectious hepatitis) caused by ingestion of contaminated food, water, or milk.

Hepatitis B: Transmitted by routes other than the mouth such as blood transfusions and sexual contact.  Vaccine available for Hep B.

Hep C: also tranmitted parenterally. May remain asymptomatic for years or the disease may produce only mild flulike symptoms. 

Treatments for Hep include antiviral drugs, but no cure.  As the disease progresses, scarring of the liver becomes so serious that liver transplantation is the only recorse.

 

Major symptoms of many liver disorders is yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes (jaundice, icterus), occuring becasue the liver is no longer able to remove bilirubin.

Term
Diverticulosis
Definition
Small, blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall.  (usually occuring in the sigmoid colon) and becoming noticeable when inflammed w s&s of pain in the lower left quadrant; extreme constipation (obstipation) or diarrhea; fever; abdominal swelling; and occasional blood in the bowel movement.
Term
Colorectal cancer
Definition
arises from the epithelial lining of the large intestine. S&S include changes in bowel habits, passage of blood and mucus in stools, rectal or abdominal pain, anemia, weight loss, obstruction, and perforation.
Term
anorexia
Definition
Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
Term
Appendicitis
Definition
Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
Term
ascites
Definition
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the badomen:  associated with cirrhosis of the liver, especially when caused by alcoholism.  Failure of the liver to produce albumin (a protein that regulates the amount of fluid in the circulatory system) combined with portal hypertension forces fluid to pass from the circulatory system and accumulates in the peritoneum
Term
borborygmus
Definition
rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
Term
cachexia
Definition
physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer
Term
cholelithiasis
Definition
presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct.  Cholelithiasis may or may not produce symptoms.
Term
cirrhosis
Definition
Scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease: Cirrhosis is most commonly cuased by chronic alcoholism.  It may also be caused by toxins, infectionus agents, metabolic diseases, and circulatory disorders.  In this disorder, functional hepatic cells are replaced by nonfunctioning fibrous tissue that impairs the flow of blood and lymph within the liver, resulting in hepatic insufficiency.
Term
Colic
Definition
spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
Term
Crohn disease
Definition

Chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also ccalled regional enteritis.

Crohn disease is a chronic disease distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern.  It may cause fever, cramping, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Term
deglutition
Definition
act of swallowing
Term
dysentery
Definition
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea.  Dysentery is common in underdeveloped countries and in times of disaster when sanitary living conditions, clean food, and safe water are not available.
Term
Dyspepsia
Definition
Epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indigestion
Term
dysphagia
Definition
inability or difficulty in swallong; also called aphagia
Term
eructation
Definition
producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching.
Term
fecalith
Definition
Fecal concentration
Term
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Definition
Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus.  GERD may occur whenever pressure in the stomach is greater than that in the esophagus and may be associated with heartburn, esophagitis, hiatal hernia, or chest pain
Term
halitosis
Definition
bad breath
Term
hematemesis
Definition
puking blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus.  Hematemesis can be caused by an esophageal ulcer, esophageal varices (dilation of veins), or a gastric ulcer.  Treatment requires correction of the underlying cuase.
Term
irritable bowel syndrome
Definition
Sympom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon.  Contributing or aggravating factors of IBS include anxiety and stress.
Term
malabsorption syndrome
Definition
symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph.  Malabsorption syndrome may be associated with or due to a number of diseases including those affecting the intestinal mucosa.  It may also be due to surgery, such as gastric resection and ileal bypass, or antibiotic therapy.
Term
Melena
Definition
Passage of dark-colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices.
Term
Obesity
Definition

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight.  Obesity may be due to excessive intake of food (exogenous) or metabolic or endocrine abnormalities (endogenous)

 

Morbid obesity: BMI of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight.  Morbid obesity is a disease with serious psychological, social, and medical ramifications and one that threatens necessary body functions such as respiration.

Term
Obstipation
Definition
Severe constipation: may be caused by an intestinal obstruction.
Term
Oral Leukoplakia
Definition
Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheeck caused primarily by irritation.  Oral leukoplakia is a precancerous condition usually associated with pipe or cigareete smoking or ill-fitting dentures.
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
Progressive, wavelike movment htat occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract
Term
Pyloric Stenosis
Definition
Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine.  The muscle fibers of the outlet are cut, without severing the mucosa, to widen the opeing.  After surgery in adults, a stomach tube remains in place and observation is maintained for signs of hemorrhage or blockage of the tube.
Term
regurgitation
Definition
backward flowing, as in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach.
Term
Steatorrhea
Definition
Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to the failure to digest and absorb it.  Steatorrhea may occur in pancreatic disease when pancreatic enzympes are not sufficient.  It also occurs in malabsorption syndrome.
Term
Endoscopy
Definition

visual examination of a cavity or canal using a flexible fiberoptic instrument called an endoscope.  The organ, cavity, or canal being examined dictates the name of the the name of the endocopic procesure. A camera and video recorder are commonly used during the procedure to provide a permanent record.

Endosopy of the upper GI tract (esophagus, stomach, and duodenum) is performed to identify tumors, esophagitis, gastroesophageal varices, peptic ulcers, and the source of upper GI bleeding.  It is also used to confirm the presence and extent of varices in the lower esophagus and stomach in patients with liver disease. 

Endoscopy of the colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy)  is used to identify pathological conditions in the colon.  It may also be used to remove polyps.  When polyps are discovered in thecolon, they are retrieved and tested for cancer.

Term
Hepatitis panel
Definition
Panel of blood tests that identify the specific virus- hepatits A (HAV), HepB (HBV), or HepC (HCV) causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens.
Term
Liver function tests (LFTs)
Definition
Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract.  LFT's evaluate liver enzymes, bilirubin, and proteins produced by the liver.
Term
Serum bilirubin
Definition
Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood.  Elevated serum bilirubin indicates excessive destruction of erythrocytes, liver disease, or biliary tract obstruction.  Bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin and is normally excreted from the body as bile.  Excessive bilirubin causes yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes, a condition called jaundice.
Term
Stool Culture
Definition
Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces.  Feces are examined microscopically after being placed in a growth medium.
Term
Stool Guaiac
Definition
Applying a substance called guiac to a stool sample to detect presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces; also called Hemoccult (trade name of a modifiec guaiac test).  Stool test detects presence of blood in the feces that is not apparent on visual inspection.  It also helps detect colon cancer and bleeding associated with digestive disorders.
Term
Barium enema
Definition
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate (contrast medium) into the rectum; also called lower GI series.  Barium is retained in the lower GI tract during fluoroscopic and radiographic studies.  It is used for diagnosing obstructions, tumors, or other abnormalities of the colon.
Term
Barium Swallow
Definition
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of baruim sulfate (contrast medium); also called esophagram and upper GI series.  Barium swallow is used to diagnose structural defects of the esophagus and vessels, such as esophageal varices.  It may also be used to locate swallowed objects.
Term
Cholecystography
Definition
Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet.  This test evaluates gallbladder function and identifies the presence of disease or gallstones.
Term
Computed Tomography (CT)
Definition
Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles.  IN CT scanning, a computer is used to generate a detailed cross-sectional image that appears as a slice.  In the digestive system, CT scans are used to view the gb, bowel, liver, bile ducts, and pancreas.  It is also used to diagnose tumors, cysts, inflammation, abscesses, perforation, bleeding, and obstructions.
Term
Endoscopic retrograde cholandgiopancreatography (ERCP)
Definition
Endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic visulaization of the bile and pancreatic ducts to identiry partial or total obstructions, as well as stones, cysts, and tumors.  In ERCP, a flexible fiberoptic duodenoscope is placed into the common bile duct.  A radiopaque substance is instilled directly into the duct and serial x-ray flims are taken.
Term
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTCP)
Definition
Radiographic examination of bile duct structures.  Contrast medium is injected through a needle passed through the skin (percutaneous) and through the liver (transhepatic) directly into the hepatic duct.  The bile duct can be viewed for obstructions, anatomical variations, and cysts.
Term
sialography
Definition
Radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts.  Sialography may be performed with or without a contrast medium.
Term
Ultrasonography
Definition
Tests that use high-frequency sound waves to analyze the reflected echos from anatomical structures and covert them into an image on a video monitor; also called ultrasound, sonography, echo, and echogram.  US detects diseases and deformities in digestive organs, such as the gb, liver, and pancreas. It is also used to locate abdominal masses outside the digestive organs. US visualization of the abdominal aorta, lvier, gb, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder.  An abdominal US is used to diagnos and locate cysts, tumors, and malformations as well as document the progression of vaious disease and guide the insertion of instruments duing surgical procedures.
Term
Biopsy
Definition
Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to estabilsh a diagnosis.  Use of a large-bore needle to remove a core of liver tissue for histological examination.
Term
Nasogastric intubation
Definition
Procedure that involves insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions, to instill medication, food, or fluids, or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis.
Term
anastomosis
Definition

surgical joining of 2 ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another.

Ileorectal: surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total coectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Intestinal: Surgical connectino of two portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterostomy.

Term
Bariatric surgery
Definition

Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the resultant health problems.  Commonly employed bariatric surgeries include vertical banded gastroplasty and Roux-enY gastric bypass.

 

Vertical banded gastroplasty: Upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch.  A band is then inserted that restricts food consumption and delays its passage from the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness.

 

Roux-enY gastric bypass (RGB) Stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch.  Next, the jejunum is shorted and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration.  This configuration decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats.

Term
Colostomy
Definition
Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag. 
Term
Lithotripsy
Definition
Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
Term
Extracorporeal shockwave
Definition
Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones int he gb or biliary ducts.  In extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ultrasound is used to locate the stone(s) and to monitor the destriction of the stones
Term
Polypectomy
Definition
Excision of a polyp. 
Term
Pyloromyotomy
Definition
Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus; used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Term
Antacids
Definition
Counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach.  Antacids are used to treat and prevent heartburn and acid reflux (i.e. calcium carbonate, Mylanta, Rolaids, Tums)
Term
Antidiarrheals
Definition
Control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract.  (i.e loperamide - imodium, Kaolin/pectin - Donnagel-MB, Kapectolin)
Term
Antiemetics
Definition
Control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain.  Some emetics act by hastening movment of food through the digestive tract (ie, prochlorperazine - Compazine, Compro, or Trimethobenzamide, T-Gen, Tigan)
Term
Antispasmodics
Definition
Decrease gastrointestinal (GI) spasms by slowing peristalsis and motility throughout the GI tract.  Antispasmodics are prescribed for irritble bowel syndrome (IBS), spastic colon, and diverticulitis.  (Glycopyrrolate - Robinul, Propantheline Pro-banthine
Term
Laxatives
Definition
Treats constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increaing water and electrolye secretion into the bowel to induce ddevecation (i.e. Senna, psyllium)
Term
ABC
Definition
Aspiration biopsy cytology
Term
Alk phos
Definition
alkaline phosphatase
Term
ALT
Definition
alanine aminotransferase
Term
AST
Definition
angiotensin sensitivity
Term
Ba
Definition
barium
Term
BaE, BE
Definition
Barium enema
Term
CF
Definition
cystic fibrosis
Term
CT
Definition
Computed tomography
Term
EGD
Definition
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Term
ERCP
Definition
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Term
GBS
Definition
gallbladder series (x-ray studies)
Term

HAV

HBV

HCV

HDV

HEV

Definition
Hep A-E
Term
LFT
Definition
liver function test
Term
NG
Definition
nasogastric
Term
PE
Definition

physical examination

pulmonary embolism

Term
PTHC
Definition
percutaneous transhepatic cholangeography
Term
PMH
Definition
past medical history
Term
PUD
Definition
peptic ulcer disease
Term
RGB
Definition
Roux-en-Y Gastric bypass
Term
R/ORul
Definition
rule out
Term
a.c.
Definition
before meals
Term
hs
Definition
half strength
Term
h.s.
Definition
hour of sleep
Term
NPO, n.p.o.
Definition
nothing by mouth
Term
pc, p.c.
Definition
after meals
Term
p.o.
Definition
by mouth
Term

qAM

q.d.

q.h.

q.2h

q.i.d.

q.o.d.

q.PM

 

Definition

every morning

every day

every hour

every 2 hours

four times a day

every other day

every PM

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