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Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues
Terms from Chapter 6 of Human Anatomy and Physiology by Mareib
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Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/15/2011

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Term
Tubercle
Definition
Small rounded projection. Site of muscle and ligament attachment
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
Large rounded projection. Site of muscle and ligament attachment
Term
Crest
Definition
Narrow, prominent ridge of bone. Site of muscle and ligament attachment.
Term
Trochanter
Definition
Large, blunt, irregular surface. Site of muscle and ligament attachment
Term
Line
Definition
Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest. Site of muscle and ligament attachment.
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
Raised area above a condyle. Site of muscle and ligament attachment.
Term
Spine
Definition
Sharp, slender projection. Site of muscle and ligament attachment.
Term
Process
Definition
Any bony prominence. Site of muscle and ligament attachment.
Term
Head
Definition
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck. projection that helps form joints
Term
Facet
Definition
smooth, nearly flat articular surface. Projection that helps to form joints
Term
Condyle
Definition
Rounded articular projection. Projection that helps to form joints.
Term
Ramus
Definition
armlike bar of bone; protrusion. Projection that help to form joints.
Term
Meatus
Definition
Canal-like passageway. Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through
Term
Sinus
Definition
Cavity within a bone. Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through.
Term
Fossa
Definition
Shallow, basin-like depression. Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through.
Term
Groove
Definition
Furrow. Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through
Term
Fissure
Definition
narrow, slit-like opening. Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through.
Term
Foramen
Definition
round or oval opening through a bone. Allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through
Term
Compact bone
Definition
dense outer layer
Term
Spongy Bone
Definition
honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow. Internal portion
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones. Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity. Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity.
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
Expanded ends of long bones. Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone. Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline cartilage). Epiphyseal line (metaphysis) separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses. Remnant of epiphyseal plate hyaline cartilage that lengthens the bones during childhood.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
double-layered protective membrane of the bone. Anchoring point for tendons and ligaments. Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue. Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels which enter the bone via nutrient foramina. Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey's fibers.
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
Bone forming
Term
Osteoclast
Definition
Bone destroying
Term
Endosteum
Definition
delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of the bone.
Term
Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
Definition
Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploe) on the inside. Have no diaphysis or epiphyses. Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae.
Term
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue: Infants
Definition
Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone.
Term
Location of Hematopoietic Tissue: Adults
Definition
Found in the diploe (endosteum covered spongy bone) of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus
Term
Hematopoietic Tissue
Definition
Red Marrow
Term
Haverisan System
Definition
Osteon. The structural unit of compact bone.
Term
Lamella
Definition
Weight-bearing, column like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
Term
Haversian (central) canal
Definition
central channel containing blood vessels and nerves. Haversian runs vertically
Term
Volkmann's Canals
Definition
Perforating canals, channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal. Volkmanns's run Horizontally.
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells. found between lamellar junctions
Term
Lacunae
Definition
small cavities in the bone that contain osteocytes. Found between lamellar junctions
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal. Allow nutrients and waste to be transferred from cell to cell. Found between lamellar junctions
Term
Microscopic Structure of Spongy Bone
Definition
Appears to be unarranged. No osteons. Trabeculae arrange along lines of stress to help spongy bone resist stress
Term
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Definition
Haversian System or osteon, lamella, haversian canal, volkmann's canals, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi
Term
Osteoid
Definition
unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
Term
Organic Chemical Composition of Bone
Definition
Osteoblast, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts, Osteoid
Term
Inorganic Chemical Composition of Bone
Definition
Hydroxyapatites.
Term
Hydroxyapatites
Definition
Mineral Salts. Sixty-five percent of bone by mass. Mainly calcium phosphates. Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression.
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
"middle" cavity. marrow cavity
Term
Osteogenesis/Ossification
Definition
process of bone tissue formation
Term
Formation of the Bony Skeleton
Definition
Begins at week 8 of embryo development.
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
Bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Term
Endochonral Ossification
Definition
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
Formation of most of the flat bones of the skull and clavicles. Fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by mesenchymal cells.
Term
Intramembranous Ossification: Step 1
Definition
Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. Selected mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center
Term
Intramembranous Ossifcation: Step 2
Definition
Bone matrix (osteoid) is secreted within the fibrous membrane. Osteoblasts begin to secrete osteoid, which is mineralized within a few days. Trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes.
Term
Intramembarnous Ossification: Step 3
Definition
Woven bone and periosteum form. Accumulating osteoid is laid down between embryonic blood vessels, which form a random network. The result is a network of trabeculae instead of lamella. Vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and becomes the periosteum.
Term
Intramembranous Ossification: Step 4
Definition
Bone collar of compact bone forms and the red marrow appears. Trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thicken, forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced with mature lamellar bone. Spongy bone (diploe) consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow
Term
Intramembarnous Ossification: Summary
Definition
Mesenchymal cells > Ossification Center with osteoblasts > Osteoblasts secrete osteoid within fibrous membrane > osteiod mineralized and trapped osteoblasts become osteocytes > osteoid laid down between embryonic blood vessels forming trabeculae, vascularized mesenchyme condenses on external face fo woven bone and becomes periosteum > trabeculae just deep to periosteum thicken, forming woven bone collar (later replaced with lamellar bone) > Spongy Bone persists internally and vascular tissue becomes red marrow
Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition
Begins in second month of development. Uses hyaline cartilage 'bones' as models for bone construction. Rquires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 1
Definition
Formation of bone collar around hyaline cartilage model: Perichondrium covering the hylaine cartilage "bone" is infiltrated with blood vessels, converting it to a vascularized periosteum. CHange in nutrition causes mesenchymal cells to specialize into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts on the nnewly converted periosteum secrete osteoid against the hyaline cartilage diaphysis encasing it in a bone collar.
Term
Endochonral Ossification
Definition
Forms essentially all bones below the base of the skull
Term
Endochonral Ossification: Step 2
Definition
Cavitation of the hyaline cartilage within the cartilage model: As the bone collar forms chondrocytes within the shaft hypertrophy (enlarge) and signal the surrounding cartilage matrix to calcify. Calcified cartilage matrix dies due to not being able to receive nutrients. Chondrocytes die and matrix deteriates. Cavities form but bone collar stabilizes the model. Cartilage elsewhere continues to grow, causing model to elongate
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 3
Definition
Periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms: Forming cavities are invaded by a periosteal bud, made up of a nutrient artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Osteoclasts partially erode the calcified cartilage matrix,a nd the osteoblasts secrete osteoid around the remaning fragments of hyaline cartialge, forming bone-covered cartilage trabeculae. Beginning of spongy bone formation
Term
Periosteal bud
Definition
Collection of elements containing a nutrient artery and vein, lymphatics, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteolbasts, and osteoclasts. Part of Endochondral Ossification
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 4
Definition
Diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms: As the primary ossification center enlarges, osteoclasts break down the newly formed spongy bone and open up a medullary cavity in the center of the diaphysis. Ossification 'chases' cartilage formation along the length of the shaft.
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Step 5
Definition
Epiphyses ossify. Secondary ossification centers appear in one or both epiphyses gain bony tissue. Secondary ossification reproduces primary ossification nearly. Differences: Spongy bone in interior is retained an no medullary cavity is formed. Hyaline cartilage remains at only 2 points: Articular cartilage and as epiphyseal plates
Term
Endochondral Ossification: Summary
Definition
Formation of Bone Collar, Cavitation, Invasion of the Periosteal Bud, Formation of the Medullary Cavity & appearance of secondary ossification centers, ossification of the epiphyses
Term
Bone/Cartilage growth: Appositional
Definition
Cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
Term
Bone/Cartilage growth: Interstitial
Definition
Lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within
Term
Postnatal Bone Growth: Abbreviations
Definition
GTO: Growth zone, Transformation zone, Osteogenic zone

QMCO: Quiescent zone, Mitosis zone, Calcification Zone, Ossification zone
Term
Functional Zones in Long Bone Growth: Growth Zone
Definition
cartilage cells closer to the diaphysis undergo mitosis, pushing the epihysis away from the diaphysis.
Term
Functional Zones in Long Bone Growth: Transformation Zone
Definition
Older chondrocytes enlarge and die, matrix becomes calcified, matrix begins to deteriorate.
Term
Functional Zones in Long Bone Growth: Osteogenic Zone
Definition
New bone formation occurs.
Term
Bone remodeling
Definition
Bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth. Adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone at periosteal and endosteal surfaces
Term
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth: Infancy and Childhood
Definition
Epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by growth hormone
Term
Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth During Youth: Puberty
Definition
Testosterone and Estrogens: Intially promote adolescent growth spurts, cause masculinization and feminization of specific parts of the skeleton, later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth.
Term
Bone deposition
Definition
Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed. Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese. Alkaline phosphate is essential for mineralization of bone
Term
Bone Deposition
Definition
Sites of new matrix deposition are revealed by the:

Osteiod Seam: unmineralized band of bone matrix
Calcification front: abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone
Term
Osteoid Seam
Definition
unmineralized band of bone matrix. part of Bone Deposition
Term
Calcification Front
Definition
Abrupt transition zone between the osteiod seam and the older mineralized bone. Part of Bone Deposition
Term
Bone Resorption
Definition
Accomplished by osteoclasts. Resorption bays - grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix. Resorption involves osteolcast secretion of lysosomal enzyme that digest organic matrix, acids that convert calcium salts into soluble forms. DIssolved matrix is transcystoced across the osteoclast's cell where it is secreted into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood
Term
Resorption bays
Definition
Grooves formed by osteoclasts as they break down bone matrix
Term
Importance of Ionic Calcium
Definition
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Blood coagulation
Secretion by glands and nerve cells
Cell division
Term
Bone remodeling control
Definition
Hormonal mechanism maintains calcium homeostasis in the blood
Mechanical and gravitational forces acting on the skeleton
Term
Bone Remodeling Control: Hormonal
Definition
Rising Blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin. Calcitonin stimulates calcium salt deposit in bone.

Falling blood Ca2+ levels signal the parathyroid glands to release PTH (parathyroid hormone). PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into blood
Term
Bone Fracture: Classification
Definition
Position of the bone ends after fracture
Completeness of the break
Orientation of the bone to the long axis
Skin penetration
Term
Bone fractures: Types
Definition
Nondisplaced: Bone ends retain their normal position
Displaced: bone ends are out of normal alignment
Complete: bone is broken all the way through
Incomplete - bone is not broken all the way through
Linear - the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
Transverse - the fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
Compound: Open bone end penetrates the skin
Simple: closed, bone end does not penetrate the skin
Term
Bone Fractures: Common Types
Definition
Comminuted - bone fragments into 3 or more pieces, common in the elderly
Compression: Bone is crushed; common in porous bones
Depressed: broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture
Greenstick: incomplete fracture where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends; common in children
Spiral: ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury
Epiphyseal: epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line, occurs where cartilage cells are dying
Term
Bone Fracture Healing: Step 1
Definition
Hematoma Formation:
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
A mass of clotted blood (hematoma) forms at the fracture site
SIte becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed
Term
Bone Fracture Healing: Step 2
Definition
Fibrocartilaginous callus forms: Granulation tissue (soft callus) forms a few days after the fracture. Capillaries grow into the tissue and phagocytic cells begin clearing debris.
Term
Bone Fracture Healing: Step 2: Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Definition
Osteoblasts and fibroclasts migrate to the fracture and begin reconstructing the bone
Fibroblasts secrete collage fibers that connect broken bone ends
Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone
Osteoblasts furthest from capillaries secrete an externally bulging cartilaginous matrix that later calcifies
Term
Bone Fracture Healing: Step 3
Definition
Bony Callus Formation: New bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartilaginous callus.
Fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus.
Bone callus begins 3-4 weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months later
Term
Bone Fracture Healing: Step 4
Definition
Bone Remodeling:
Excess material on the bone shaft exterior and in the medullary cavity is removed.
Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
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