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Chapter 5: Histology
Tissues
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/15/2016

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Cards

Term
What are the four broad categories of tissues?
Definition

1) Epithelial tissue

2) Connective tissue

3) Nervous tissue

4) Muscular tissue

 

Term
Define organ
Definition
structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types
Term
Define histology
Definition
the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs
Term
Define tissue
Definition
a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ
Term
What is the matrix comprised of?
Definition

1) Fibrous proteins

2) clear gel called ground substances

 

Matrix is also known as tissue fluid, extracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel

Term
What section represents a tissue cut on its long axis?
Definition
Longitudinal section
Term
What represents a section of tissue cut perpendicular to its long axis of organ?
Definition
Cross section or transverse section
Term
What represents a section of tissue cut at an angle between cross and longitudinal sections, on a slant?
Definition
Oblique section
Term
What are the three primary germ layers?
Definition

1) Ectoderm

2) Mesoderm

3) Endoderm

Term

Which tissue does the following describe?

1) sheets of closely packed adhering cells, one or more cells thick

2) covers the body and lines body cavities

3) upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space inthe body

4) constitutes most glands

5) avascular

Definition
Epithelial tissue
Term
What are functions of epithelial tissue?
Definition

1) protect deeper tissues from injusry and infection

2) produce and release chemical secretions

3) excrete wastes

4) absorb chemicals including nutrients

5) selectively filter substances

6) sense stimuli

Term
Describe neuroepithelium
Definition

Embryology- the part of the embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to the nervous system

Anatomy- tissue composed of epithelial cells that are specialized to serve a sensory function, as the nasal mucosa and retina

Term
What is the basement membrane?
Definition
Layer between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue
Term
What is the basal surface?
Definition
surface of epithelial cells facing the basement membrane
Term
What is the apical surface?
Definition
surface that faces away from the basement membrane
Term
Define simple epithelia
Definition

Contain one layer of cells

named by shape of cells

all cells touch basement membrane

Term
Describe stratified epithelia
Definition

contain more than one layer of cells

named by shape of apical cells

some cells rest on top of others and do NOT touch the basement membrane

Term
What are the four types of simple epithelia?
Definition

1) simple squamous

2) simple cuboidal

3) simple columnar

4) Pseudostratified

Term
What are goblet cells?
Definition
wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia
Term
What are functions of simple squamous epithelium?
Definition

Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances

Secretes serous fluid

Term
Where is simple squamous epithelia found?
Definition
Found in deep tissues or organs
Term
What are functions of cubodial epithelia?
Definition

Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement

 Quick and easy diffusion

Term
Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?
Definition
liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, ureters, and kidney tubules
Term
What are functions of columnar epithelia?
Definition
Brush border of microvilli for absorption, ciliated in soem organs, may possess goblet cells which secrete gel-forming mucins, the major components of mucus
Term
Where is columnar epithelia found?
Definition
lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubules
Term
What are functions of pseudostratified epithelia
Definition
Secretes and propels mucus
Term
Where is pseudostratified epithelia found?
Definition
respiratory tract and portions of the male urethra
Term
What are the four types of stratified epithelia?
Definition

1) stratified squamous

2) stratified cuboidal

3) stratified columnar (rare)

4) transitional

 

Most named for shapes of their apical surface of cells

Term
What are two kinds of stratified squamous epithelia?
Definition

Keratinized

Nonkeratinized

Term
Define keratinized
Definition
found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
Term
Define nonkeratinized?
Definition
lacks surface layer of dead cells
Term
What are some functions of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithlia
Definition

Same as keratinzed without surface layer of dead cells

resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens

Term
Where are the locations of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia?
Definition
tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
Term
What are some functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Definition

Secretes sweat

produces sperm

produces ovarian hormones

Term
What are the locations of stratified cuboidal epithelia?
Definition

sweat gland ducts

ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules

Term
What are the functions of transitional epithelium?
Definition
allows for filling of urinary tract
Term
Where are the locations of transitional epithelium?
Definition
ureter and bladder
Term
Define connective tissue
Definition

a diverse, abundant type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix

 

 

Term
What are functions of connective tissue?
Definition

binding of organs

support of bones and cartilage

physical protection

immune protection

movement

storage of fat, calcium, and phosphorus

transport of blood

Term
What are fibroblasts?
Definition
produce fibers and ground substance of matrix
Term
What are macrophages?
Definition
They phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter
Term
What are leukocytes?
Definition
White blood cells. Examples include neutrophils and lymphocytes
Term
What are plasma cells?
Definition
synthesize antibodies; arise from lymphocytes
Term
What are mast cells?
Definition

often found alongside blood vessels

secrete heparin to inhibit clotting

sectere histamine to dilate blood vessels

Term
What are adipocytes?
Definition
Fat molecules that store triglycerides
Term
What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?
Definition

1) Collagenous fibers

2) Reticulat fibers

3) Elastic fibers

Term
What are collagenous fibers?
Definition

Collagen is most abundant of the body's proteins

tough, flexible, and stretch-resistant

tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin are mostly collagen

less visible in matrix of cartilage and bone

Term
Describe reticular fibers?
Definition

thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein

form framework of spleen and lymph nodes

Term
Describe elastic fibers
Definition

thinner than collagenous fibers

branch and rejoin each other

made of protein called elastin

allows for stretch and recoil

Term
What are some substances found in the ground substance of fibrous connective tissue?
Definition

1) glycoaminoglycans

2) proteoglycans

3) adhesive glycoproteins

Term
What are two types of connective tissue?
Definition

1) Loose connective tissue

2) Dense connective tissue

-dense regular

-dense irregular (very strong)

Term
What ais areolar tissue?
Definition

Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels

underlies epitheli, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels

Term
What is reticular tissue?
Definition

mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts

forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs

found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

Term
What is dense regular connective tissue?
Definition

Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers

compressed fibroblast nuclei

elastic tissue froms wavy sheets in some locations

tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together

Term
What is dense irregular connective tissue?
Definition

densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells

withstands unpredictable stresses

locations: deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs

Term
What are mast cells?
Definition

Often found alongside blood vessels

secrete heparin to inhibit clotting

secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels

Term
What are adipose tissue?
Definition

tissue in which adipocytes are the dominant cell type

space between adipocytes is occupied by areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries

 

fat is the body's primary energy reservoir

the quantity of stored triglyceride and the number of adipocytes are quite stable in a person

fat is recycled continuously

Term
What are the two types of fat?
Definition
White fat and brown fat
Term
What is white fat?
Definition

the main type of fat (only fat in adults)

specimens resemble chicken wire

provides thermal insulation

cushions organs such as eyeballs, kidneys

contributes to body contours- female breasts and hips

Term
What is brown fat?
Definition

Brown fat is found in fetuses, infants, and children

color comes from blood vessels and mitochondrial enzymes

functions as a heat-generating tissue

Term
What is cartilage?
Definition

Stiff connective tissue with flexible matrix

gives shape to ear, tip of nose, and larynx

Term
What are chondroblasts?
Definition
produce the matrix that will trap them
Term
What are chondrocytes?
Definition
cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae
Term
What is perichondrium?
Definition

sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage

contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life

Term
What is cartilage?
Definition

it contains no blood vessels

matrix is rich in GAGs and contains collagen fibes

types of cartilage vary with fiber composition

Term
What is hyalne cartilage?
Definition

clear, glassy appearance because of fineness of collagen fibers

eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long long bones

locations: articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton

Term
What is elastic cartilage?
Definition

cartilage containing abundance of elastic fibers

covered with perichondrium

provides flexible, elastic support

locations: external ear and epiglottis

Term
What is fibrocartilage?
Definition

cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers

resists compression and absorbs shock

locations: pubic symphysis, menisci, and intervertebral discs

Term
What is osseous tissue?
Definition

a calcified connective tissue

bnes of the skeleton are organs made of bone tissue, cartilage, marrow, and other tissue types

dense and mineralized

Term
What are the two forms of osseous tissue?
Definition
spongy bone and compact bone
Term
What is spongy bone?
Definition

porous appearance

delicate struts of bone: trabeculae

covered by compact bone

founbd in heads of long bones and in middle of flat bones such as the sternum

 

Term
What is the compact bone?
Definition

denser, calcified tissue with no visible spaces

more complex arrangement

cells and matrix surround vertically oreiented blood vessels in long bones

Term
How is compact bone arranged?
Definition

in cylinders that surround central (haversian or osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through sharfts of long bones

 

bone matrix is depositied in concentric lamellae

Term
What are osteons?
Definition
central canal and its surrounding lamellae
Term
What are osteocytes?
Definition
mature bone cells within lacunae
Term
What are canaliculi?
Definition
delicate canals radiating from each lacuna to its neighbors, allowing osteocytes to contact each other
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