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Chapter 5 flash cards
test 2
94
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/24/2013

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Term
bone tissue
Definition
hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton
Term
spongy bone and compact bone
Definition
two types of osseous tissue?
Term
spongy bone
Definition
fills the heads of long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones such as sternum and cranial bone; looks like a sponge because of delicate slivers and plates but actually calcified and hard; always covered by shell of compact bone
Term
compact (Dense) bone
Definition
denser, calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye; forms external surfaces of all bones; has osten structure; bone organized into cylinders of tissue that surround central (Haversian or osteonic) canals, which run through the shafts of long bones such as the femur
Term
osteon
Definition
a central canal and its surrounding lamellae
Term
central canal or Haversian canal
Definition
where blood vessels run through in bone tissue
Term
concentric lamellae
Definition
onionlike concentric layers of bone around each central canal; bone matrix deposited here and osteon layers added on top to make more layers
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature bone cells which occupy tiny lacunae between the lamellae; lay down bone matrix until become trapped in lacunae;
Term
canalicula
Definition
delicate canals that radiate from each lacunae to its neighbors and allow the osteocytes to contact each other; connective tissue covering bone;
Term
periosteum
Definition
tough fibrous similar to the perichondrium of cartilage which covers bone as a whole
Term
blood tissue
Definition
fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels; transports cells, dissolved matter, and nutrients throughout the body
Term
plasma and formed elements
Definition
two elements of blood?
Term
plasma
Definition
ground substance of blood
Term
formed elements
Definition
cells and cell fragments; cellular components of blood
Term
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
Definition
three kinds of formed elements?
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells which are the most abundant in stained blood films; look like pink discs with thin, pale centers and no nuclei
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells that serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases; travel from one organ to another in the bloodstream and lymph but spend most of their lives in the connective tissues; somewhat larger than erythrocytes
Term
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes
Definition
five kinds of white blood cells distinguished by shape of cells?
Term
platelets
Definition
small cell fragments amid the blood cells; involved in clotting and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss, and in secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance; produced by connective tissues of the bone marrow and lymphatic organs and for this reason it is in the connective tissue category.
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals; responds to stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential; consists of neurons and neuroglia (glial cells)
Term
excitable tissue
Definition
respond to excitability by rapid transmission of signals to other cells
Term
membrane potential
Definition
electrical charge difference (voltage)that occurs across the plasma membrane
Term
neurons (nerve cells)
Definition
have stellate shape and detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells
Term
neuroglia (glial cells)
Definition
protect and assist the neurons; constitutes most of the volume of the nervous tissue and usually much smaller tahn neurons
Term
neurosoma, dendrites, and axon
Definition
neuron parts?
Term
neurosoma (cell body)
Definition
houses the nucleus and most other organelles; center of genetic control and protein synthesis; usually round, ovoid, or stellate in shape
Term
dendrites
Definition
multiple short, branched processes which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the neurosoma
Term
axon (nerve fiber)
Definition
sends outgoing signals to other cells; usually bigger than dendrites
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
excitable tissue which is specialized to contract when stimulated and thus exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids;
Term
skeletal muscle tissue
Definition
consists of threadlike cells called muscle fibers; multinucleated, striated, voluntary,
Term
multinucleated
Definition
contains multiple nuclei
Term
striated
Definition
has alternating light and dark bands that are created by the overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause muscle contraction
Term
voluntary
Definition
conscious control of muscle
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
in the heart, cells are called myocytes contain one centrally located nucleus surrounded by light staining glycogen, branched or notched at the ends,contain intercalated discs that join myocytes end to end; striated and involuntary
Term
smooth muscle tissue
Definition
has cells called myocytes, lack striations and is involuntary, relatively short, fusiform cells; once centrally located nucleus; visceral muscle that forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; areas that need help pushing things through such as food, etc.
Term
cell junctions
Definition
connection between one cell and another; enables cells to resist stress, communicate with each other, and control movement of substances through gaps between cells
Term
tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions
Definition
Term
tight junction
Definition
region in which the plasma membranes of adjacent cells are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins; completely encircles an epithelial cells near its apical surface and joins it tightly to neighboring cells; seals off intercellular space to make it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between cells; limit how far drifting proteins can travel and keep them segregated in the appropriate domains of the membrane where they are needed to perform their tasks
Term
desmosomes
Definition
patch that holds cells together, hooklike J-shaped proteins arise from the cytoskeleton, approach the cell surface from within, and penetrate into a thick protein plaque on the inner face of the plasma membrane; then the short arm of the J turns back into the cell anchoring the cytoskeleton to the membrane plaque; not continuous and cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells; serves to keep cells from pulling apart
Term
gap (communicating) junctions
Definition
formed by a ringlike connexon which consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged in a ring; nutrients and excitations can pass from cell to cell through gap junctions
Term
hemidesmosomes
Definition
half-desmosomes, keep cells anchored to basement membrane
Term
gland
Definition
cell or organ that secretes substance for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body; may be something synthesized by the gland cells or something removed from the tissues and modified by the gland;
Term
secretion
Definition
useful in the body such as an enzyme or hormone
Term
excretion
Definition
waste produce to be expelled from the body; example: sweat
Term
endocrine gland
Definition
loose contact with surface and has no ducts; has a high density of blood capillaries and secrete their products directly into the body
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
usually maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct, an epithelial tube that conveys their secretion to the surface; may be released to the body surface or released into the cavity of another organ; have ducts and secrete their substances via ducts to the outside of the gland
Term
unicellular glands
Definition
secretory cells found in the epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory; can be endocrine or exocrine
Term
capsule
Definition
gland enclosed in fibrous capsule in exocrine gland structure
Term
septa or trabeculae
Definition
extensions given off by the capsule in exocrine gland structure; divides the interior of the gland into compartments called lobes
Term
stroma
Definition
connective tissue framework of the gland which supports and organizes glandular tissue
Term
parenchyma
Definition
cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion; typically simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium
Term
simple duct
Definition
a duct that is not branched
Term
compound duct
Definition
a duct that is branched
Term
tubular gland
Definition
duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter
Term
tubuloacinar gland
Definition
a gland with secretory cells in both the tubular and acinar portions
Term
serous glands
Definition
secrete very thin, watery secretions; perspirations, milk, tears, digestive juices, etc.
Term
mucous glands
Definition
produce glycoprotein called mucin which absorbs water to from a sticky secretion called mucus
Term
mixed glands
Definition
contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of both types of cells
Term
salivary glands
Definition
mixture of water and mucous
Term
cytogenic glands
Definition
glands that secrete whole cells; egg and sperm
Term
merocrine glands (eccrine glands)
Definition
secrete via a duct and have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis
Term
holocrine glands
Definition
accumulate what they're going to secrete and then the whole cell disintegrates in order to secrete what they need to; thicker than merocrine secretions; secretion a mixture of cell fragments and the substance that the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration
Term
apocrine glands
Definition
secreting through ducts, glands mix their secretion with bacteria and leave an odor.
Term
membranes
Definition
line body cavities and cover their viscera (soft internal organs of the body)
Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
largest membrane in the body; consists of stratified squamos epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue
Term
mucous membrane
Definition
lines passages that open to the external environment; have absorptive, secretory, and protective functions
Term
serous membrane
Definition
internal membrane composed of a simple squamos epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue;
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
found in lining of joint cavities; fibrous; made only of connective tissue; span the gap from the bone to the next and secrete slippery synovial fluid into the joint
Term
tissue growth
Definition
increasing the number of cells or the existing cells to grow larger
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
tissue growth through increase in the number of cells
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
increase in size of preexisting cells; skeletal muscles and adipose tissue
Term
neoplasia
Definition
development of a tumor composed of abnormal and nonfunctional tissue
Term
differentiation
Definition
mesenchyme to muscle; development of a more specialized form and function
Term
metaplasia
Definition
changing from one type of mature tissue to another
Term
stem cells
Definition
undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function but have the potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells
Term
embryonic stem cells
Definition
shortly after fertilized egg is formed and either before or after blastocyst is formed
Term
totipotent embryonic stem cells
Definition
can differentiate into any type of cell including cells of the temporary structures of pregnancy
Term
pluripotent
Definition
can differentiate into anything except accessory organs of pregnancy
Term
adult stem cells
Definition
undifferentiated cells in tissues of adults
Term
multipotent adult stem cells
Definition
can develop into two or more different cell lines, but not just any type of body cells
Term
unipotent adult stem cells
Definition
have the most limited plasticity as they can produce only one mature cell type
Term
regeneration and fibrosis
Definition
two ways in which damaged tissues can be repaired?
Term
regeneration
Definition
the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same types of cells as before; restores normal function to the organ
Term
fibrosis
Definition
the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts; scar tissue helps to hold organ together but does not restore normal function
Term
atrophy
Definition
shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number
Term
senile atrophy
Definition
shrinkage of a tissue through normal aging
Term
disuse atrophy
Definition
shrinkage of tissue from lack of use
Term
necrosis
Definition
premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, etc.
Term
infarction
Definition
sudden tissue death due to cutting off blood supply
Term
gangrene
Definition
reduced blood flow to an area usually involving an infection resulting in tissue necrosis
Term
dry gangrene
Definition
a lack of sensation due to diabetic nerve damage which can make a person oblivious to injury and infection and poor blood circulation due to diabetic arterial damage which results in slow healing and rapid spread of infection; usually occurs in feet and results in amputation.
Term
decubitus ulcer
Definition
bed sore or pressure sore—occurs when immobilized persons are unable to move and continual pressure on the skin cuts off blood flow to an area.
Term
gas gangrene
Definition
necrosis of a wound resulting from infection with certain bacteria of the genus clostridium usually introduced when a wound is contaminated with soil;o Named for the bubbles of gas that accumulate in the tissues.
Term
tissue engineering
Definition
artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body.
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