Term
|
Definition
| hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton |
|
|
Term
| spongy bone and compact bone |
|
Definition
| two types of osseous tissue? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fills the heads of long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones such as sternum and cranial bone; looks like a sponge because of delicate slivers and plates but actually calcified and hard; always covered by shell of compact bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denser, calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye; forms external surfaces of all bones; has osten structure; bone organized into cylinders of tissue that surround central (Haversian or osteonic) canals, which run through the shafts of long bones such as the femur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a central canal and its surrounding lamellae |
|
|
Term
| central canal or Haversian canal |
|
Definition
| where blood vessels run through in bone tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| onionlike concentric layers of bone around each central canal; bone matrix deposited here and osteon layers added on top to make more layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mature bone cells which occupy tiny lacunae between the lamellae; lay down bone matrix until become trapped in lacunae; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delicate canals that radiate from each lacunae to its neighbors and allow the osteocytes to contact each other; connective tissue covering bone; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough fibrous similar to the perichondrium of cartilage which covers bone as a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels; transports cells, dissolved matter, and nutrients throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| plasma and formed elements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground substance of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells and cell fragments; cellular components of blood |
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets |
|
Definition
| three kinds of formed elements? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells which are the most abundant in stained blood films; look like pink discs with thin, pale centers and no nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells that serve various roles in defense against infection and other diseases; travel from one organ to another in the bloodstream and lymph but spend most of their lives in the connective tissues; somewhat larger than erythrocytes |
|
|
Term
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes |
|
Definition
| five kinds of white blood cells distinguished by shape of cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cell fragments amid the blood cells; involved in clotting and other mechanisms for minimizing blood loss, and in secreting growth factors that promote blood vessel growth and maintenance; produced by connective tissues of the bone marrow and lymphatic organs and for this reason it is in the connective tissue category. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized for communication by means of electrical and chemical signals; responds to stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential; consists of neurons and neuroglia (glial cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to excitability by rapid transmission of signals to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrical charge difference (voltage)that occurs across the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have stellate shape and detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect and assist the neurons; constitutes most of the volume of the nervous tissue and usually much smaller tahn neurons |
|
|
Term
| neurosoma, dendrites, and axon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| houses the nucleus and most other organelles; center of genetic control and protein synthesis; usually round, ovoid, or stellate in shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple short, branched processes which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the neurosoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sends outgoing signals to other cells; usually bigger than dendrites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excitable tissue which is specialized to contract when stimulated and thus exert a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of threadlike cells called muscle fibers; multinucleated, striated, voluntary, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has alternating light and dark bands that are created by the overlapping pattern of cytoplasmic protein filaments that cause muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conscious control of muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the heart, cells are called myocytes contain one centrally located nucleus surrounded by light staining glycogen, branched or notched at the ends,contain intercalated discs that join myocytes end to end; striated and involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has cells called myocytes, lack striations and is involuntary, relatively short, fusiform cells; once centrally located nucleus; visceral muscle that forms layers in the walls of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; areas that need help pushing things through such as food, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connection between one cell and another; enables cells to resist stress, communicate with each other, and control movement of substances through gaps between cells |
|
|
Term
| tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region in which the plasma membranes of adjacent cells are linked by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins; completely encircles an epithelial cells near its apical surface and joins it tightly to neighboring cells; seals off intercellular space to make it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between cells; limit how far drifting proteins can travel and keep them segregated in the appropriate domains of the membrane where they are needed to perform their tasks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patch that holds cells together, hooklike J-shaped proteins arise from the cytoskeleton, approach the cell surface from within, and penetrate into a thick protein plaque on the inner face of the plasma membrane; then the short arm of the J turns back into the cell anchoring the cytoskeleton to the membrane plaque; not continuous and cannot prevent substances from passing around them and going between the cells; serves to keep cells from pulling apart |
|
|
Term
| gap (communicating) junctions |
|
Definition
| formed by a ringlike connexon which consists of six transmembrane proteins arranged in a ring; nutrients and excitations can pass from cell to cell through gap junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| half-desmosomes, keep cells anchored to basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell or organ that secretes substance for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body; may be something synthesized by the gland cells or something removed from the tissues and modified by the gland; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| useful in the body such as an enzyme or hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waste produce to be expelled from the body; example: sweat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose contact with surface and has no ducts; has a high density of blood capillaries and secrete their products directly into the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually maintain their contact with the surface by way of a duct, an epithelial tube that conveys their secretion to the surface; may be released to the body surface or released into the cavity of another organ; have ducts and secrete their substances via ducts to the outside of the gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretory cells found in the epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory; can be endocrine or exocrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gland enclosed in fibrous capsule in exocrine gland structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extensions given off by the capsule in exocrine gland structure; divides the interior of the gland into compartments called lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue framework of the gland which supports and organizes glandular tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion; typically simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a duct that is not branched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gland with secretory cells in both the tubular and acinar portions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete very thin, watery secretions; perspirations, milk, tears, digestive juices, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce glycoprotein called mucin which absorbs water to from a sticky secretion called mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain both serous and mucous cells and produce a mixture of both types of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mixture of water and mucous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glands that secrete whole cells; egg and sperm |
|
|
Term
| merocrine glands (eccrine glands) |
|
Definition
| secrete via a duct and have vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulate what they're going to secrete and then the whole cell disintegrates in order to secrete what they need to; thicker than merocrine secretions; secretion a mixture of cell fragments and the substance that the cell had synthesized prior to its disintegration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreting through ducts, glands mix their secretion with bacteria and leave an odor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| line body cavities and cover their viscera (soft internal organs of the body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest membrane in the body; consists of stratified squamos epithelium resting on a layer of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lines passages that open to the external environment; have absorptive, secretory, and protective functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internal membrane composed of a simple squamos epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in lining of joint cavities; fibrous; made only of connective tissue; span the gap from the bone to the next and secrete slippery synovial fluid into the joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing the number of cells or the existing cells to grow larger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue growth through increase in the number of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in size of preexisting cells; skeletal muscles and adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of a tumor composed of abnormal and nonfunctional tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesenchyme to muscle; development of a more specialized form and function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changing from one type of mature tissue to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function but have the potential to differentiate into one or more types of mature functional cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shortly after fertilized egg is formed and either before or after blastocyst is formed |
|
|
Term
| totipotent embryonic stem cells |
|
Definition
| can differentiate into any type of cell including cells of the temporary structures of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can differentiate into anything except accessory organs of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undifferentiated cells in tissues of adults |
|
|
Term
| multipotent adult stem cells |
|
Definition
| can develop into two or more different cell lines, but not just any type of body cells |
|
|
Term
| unipotent adult stem cells |
|
Definition
| have the most limited plasticity as they can produce only one mature cell type |
|
|
Term
| regeneration and fibrosis |
|
Definition
| two ways in which damaged tissues can be repaired? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same types of cells as before; restores normal function to the organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue, composed mainly of collagen produced by fibroblasts; scar tissue helps to hold organ together but does not restore normal function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell size or number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrinkage of a tissue through normal aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrinkage of tissue from lack of use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| premature, pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infection, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden tissue death due to cutting off blood supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced blood flow to an area usually involving an infection resulting in tissue necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a lack of sensation due to diabetic nerve damage which can make a person oblivious to injury and infection and poor blood circulation due to diabetic arterial damage which results in slow healing and rapid spread of infection; usually occurs in feet and results in amputation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bed sore or pressure sore—occurs when immobilized persons are unable to move and continual pressure on the skin cuts off blood flow to an area. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necrosis of a wound resulting from infection with certain bacteria of the genus clostridium usually introduced when a wound is contaminated with soil;o Named for the bubbles of gas that accumulate in the tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body. |
|
|
