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Chapter 5
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology; 10th edition by Marieb
49
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/25/2015

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Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
Bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
Bones of the limbs and girdles
Term
Skeletal system
Definition
Includes bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments
Term
Bone Functions
Definition
Support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
Term
Compact bone
Definition
Dense, appears smooth
Term
Spongy bone
Definition
Composed of small needle-like pieces of bone
Term
Long bones
Definition
Have shaft with heads at both ends, compact
Term
Short bones
Definition
Cube-shaped, spongy (sesamoid-in tendons, type of short bone)
Term
Flat bones
Definition
Thin, flattened, and curved, spongy bone sandwiched in compact bone
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
Don't fit into other groups (ex: vertebrae)
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
Shaft of a long bone, compact bone
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the diaphysis
Term
Perforating fibers
Definition
Aka Sharpey's; secure periosteum to the bone
Term
Epiphyses
Definition
Ends of the long bones; compact bone encloses area of spongy bone
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
Term
Epiphyseal line
Definition
Thin line of bony tissue different from its surrounding area, remnant of epiphyseal plate
Term
Epiphyseal plate
Definition
Flat plate of hyaline cartilage that serves as the growth plate in young, growing bone
Term
Medullary cavity
Definition
Cavity of the bone shaft that stores adipose tissue (in infants, forms red blood cells)
Term
Bone markings
Definition
Areas on the bone's surface where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attached and/or blood vessels/nerve endings passed
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells
Term
Lacunae
Definition
Cavities that house osteocytes
Term
Lamellae
Definition
Concentric circles that surround lacunae
Term
Osteon
Definition
Bone complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
Tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canal to the lacunae
Term
Perforating canals
Definition
Canals that run at right angles to the shaft; serve as communication pathway from exterior of the bone to interior
Term
Ossification
Definition
Process of bone formation in which hyaline cartilage serves as the model
Term
Osteblasts
Definition
Bone-forming cells, form the bone collar in ossifying bone
Term
Appositional growth
Definition
Process by which bones widen
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
Bone-destroying cells-break down matrix to release calcium ions in the blood
Term
Reduction
Definition
Realignment of broken bone ends
Closed-manual realignment
Open-surgical realignment
Term
Cranium
Definition
Encloses brain tissue, 8 flat bones
Term
Sutures
Definition
Join the bones of the skull; immovable joint
Term
Facial bones
Definition
Eyes/facial muscles, 14 bones (12 pairs)
Term
Spine
Definition
26 irregular bones connected and reinforced by ligaments
Term
Primary vs secondary curvatures
Definition
Primary-Thoracic and Sacral (from C-curve in newborns)
Secondary-Cervical and Lumbar
Term
True vs False ribs
Definition
True-(1-7) attach to sternum
False- (8-12) indirectly or don't attach to sternum
Term
Clavicle
Definition
collarbone; attaches to sternum and scapula, helps prevent shoulder dislocation
Term
Scapulae
Definition
shoulder blades; acromion (clavicle) and coracoid (arm muscle anchor) processes
Term
Arm bones
Definition
Humerus, radius, and ulna
Term
Hand bones
Definition
Carpals-8 bones
Metacarpals-5 bones
Phalanges-14 bones
Term
Pelvic girdle vs. bony pelvis
Definition
Pelvic Girdle- 2 coxal bones, sacrum
Bony Pelvis- 2 coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx
Term
Ossa coxae
Definition
hip bones-formed from fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis
Term
Leg bones
Definition
Thigh-femur (strongest bone in body)
Leg-Fibula, tibia
Term
Foot bones
Definition
tarsals-7 bones
metatarsals-5 bones
phalanges-14 bones
Term
Joints
Definition
articulations; sites where two or more bones meet; hold bones together and give skeleton mobility
Term
Joints (movement)
Definition
synarthroses-immovable
amphiarthroses-slightly movable
diarthroses-freely moving
Term
Joints (structure)
Definition
fibrous-connected by fibrous tissue
cartilaginous-bones connected by fibrocartilage
synovial-bones joined by cavity filled with synovial fluid*
Term
Synovial joints (features)
Definition
Articular (hyaline) cartilage, articular capsule (synovial membrane), joint cavity, reinforcing ligaments
Term
Synovial joints (types)
Definition
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket
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