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Chapter 5
integumentary system
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/29/2014

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Term
functions of integumentary system
Definition
protection
sensation
temperature regulation
vitamin D production
Excretion
immunity
Term
subcutaneous layer
types of cells
Definition
not part of skin
*loose connective tissue that connects skin to underlying structures (areolar and adipose)
*blood vessels and nerves here supply the dermis

*fibroblasts- wound healing properties
*adipose cells- fat
*macrophages- eat bacteria

*contains half of body's adipose tissue (padding, energy, and insulation)
Term
epidermis
how is it nourished?
Definition
avascular, nourished by diffusion from capillaries of the papillary layer of dermis

composed of cells in layers/strata

4-5 layers
Term
keratinocytes
Definition
give strength

soft keratin- in skin
hard keratin- nails
Term
melanocytes
Definition
contribute to skin color
Term
desquamate
Definition
cells of the deeper layers undergo mitosis; as they move toward the surface, older cells slough off
Term
keritanization
Definition
as cells move outward through the layers they fill with keratin, die, and serve as a layer that resists abrasion and forms a permeability layer
Term
5 layers of epidermis and functions
Definition
stratum corneum- dead layer, keratinized

stratum lucidum- nucleus etc invisible *only on soles and palms

stratum granulosum- 3-5 layers of flattened grainy cells,
contains shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei

stratum spinosum, lipids/ oils, many layers with centered nucleus, keratin created here many layers
centrally located large nuclei
**develop keratin fibers
*become flattened closer to surface

stratum basale- cell division, melanin
single row
cuboidal or columnar cells
includes melanocytes
frequent cell division
some cells become parts of more superficial layers
Term
thick vs thin skin
Definition
thick is on feet and hands, areas subject to pressure or friction

thin is where hair grows, more flexible than thick
Term
callus
Definition
hardened skin (or corneum) overtime
Term
pigments in skin
Definition
melanin- melanocytes extend between keratinocytes
carotene- yellow pigment

cyanosis- bluish skin color (decrease in blood flow)
erythema- reddish hue(from blood circulating through skin)
Term
papillary layer
Definition
right beneath epidermis
*dermal papillae (finger prints)
Term
reticular layer
Definition
dense irregular tissue
glands, arrector pilli, hair follicle/root, blood vessels, nerves
Term
cleavage lines
Definition
the elastic and collagen fibers of the reticular layer are arranged more in some directions than others producing these cleavage or tension lines.

important in surgery- incisions made parallel heal better
if skin is overstretched stria marks (stretch marks) occur
Term
what are the two layers of the dermis?

what type of tissues are they made of?
Definition
papillary layer- loose connective tissue *blood vessels

reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue *fibrous layer of dermis, strength and cleavage lines
Term
three layers of hair
Definition
medulla- central axis of hair, contains soft keratin

cortex- forms the bulk of hair and consists of hard keratin

cuticle- covers the cortex, a single layer containing hard keratin
Term
hair follicle
three parts
Definition
tubelike structure around hair:
dermal root sheath
internal epithelial root sheath
external epithelial root sheath
Term
arrector pili is what type of muscle?
Definition
smooth
Term
hair is produced in __________ that involve what 2 stages?
Definition
cycles
growth stage
- hair is formed by matrix cells that differentiate, become keratinized, and die. hair grows longer as cells are added to base of the hair root. eventually hair growth stops and the follicle shortens and holds hair in place.


resting stage
- resting period follows, after which a new cycle begins and a new hair replaces the old hair.

*losing hair normally means that the hair is being replaced
-scalp hairs grow 3 years, rest 1-2 years
Term
pattern baldness
Definition
hair follicles shrink and revert to producing vellus hair (fine baby hair)
Term
hair color
Definition
malanocytes within the hair bulb matrix produce melanin and pass it to keratinocytes in the hair cotex and medulla.
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
most empty into hair follicle
(exceptions: lips, eyelids, genitalia)

*holocrine gland
Term
sweat glands
Definition
*merocrine or eccrine
*appocrine become active at puberty
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
*ceruminous glands: modified merocrine sweat glands- earwax (cerumen)
Term
mammary glands
Definition
modified appocrine sweat glands
Term
what is the nail made of?
Definition
nail body- visible portion, stratum corneum (with hard keratin)

nail root- proximal, covered by skin

nail fold- side edges of nails cored by skin called nail fold

nail groove-edges of nails held in place by nail groove

cuticle- corneum that grows into the nail body from the nail fold

hyponychium- thickened region of stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail body (at tip of nail)

nail matrix- what the nail root extends from

nail bed- located between the nail matrix and the hyponychium

lanula- part of the nail matrix that can be seen through the nail body as a white crescent

**nail matrix and bed are made of epithelial tissue, with a stratum base that gives rise to cells that form the nail
Term
the stratum corneum of the nail fold grows onto the nail body as _________
Definition
cuticle
Term
is nail growth continuous or in stages like hair?
Definition
continuous
Term
what does the nail form from?
what parts?
what part of these parts gives rise to cells?
Definition
the nail matrix and bed.

the stratum basale layer in these produces cell that makes nail
Term
burns
rule of nines
Definition
first degree- sunburn
second degree- blisters
third degree- adipose and subcutaneous burned

rule of nines is used to estimate the amount of body that is burned (trunk 18%, head/upper limbs both 9%, lower limbs 18%
Term
the stratum spinosum are held together by what?
Definition
desmosomes
Term
which layer of skin does cell death occur in?
Definition
stratum granulosum
Term
the stratum basal consists of _________ which produce the cells of the more superficial strata.
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
which layer has dead, transparent cells
Definition
lucidum
Term
keratinization is the
Definition
transformation of the living cells of the stratum basal into the dead squamous cells of the stratum corneum
Term
keratinized cells are filled with keratin and have a _______ _______. this contributes to _________. the cells are held together by ________.
Definition
keratinized cells are filled with keratin and have a PROTEIN ENVELOPE. this contributes to STRUCTURAL STRENGTH. the cells are held together by DESMOSOMES.
Term
soft keratin is present

hard keratin is present
Definition
in skin and inside parts of hair

in nails and outside part of hair (cells do not shed)
Term
melanocytes produce melanin inside melanosomes and then transfer the melanin to ________________
Definition
keratinocytes
Term
put these in order
lanugo
terminal
vellus
Definition
lanugo>>>vellus>>> terminal at puberty
Term
what are the root and shaft of hairs made of
Definition
dead keratinized epithelial cells
Term
which part of the hair has soft keratin?
Definition
the medulla
Term
the ______ ______ produces hair in cycles
Definition
hair bulb
Term
nearly all the nail is formed by the _____ but the ________ contributes
Definition
nail matrix
nail bed
Term
vitamin D increases ________ levels
Definition
blood calcium
Term
which layer of skin, papillary or reticular
1. responsible for strength?
2. layer of dermis responsible for cleavage lines?
Definition
reticular layer
Term
after birth, the type of hair on the scalp, eyelids, and eyebrows is _______
Definition
terminal hair
Term
order of structures from hair follicle to center of hair
Definition
dermal root sheath
epithelial root sheath
cuticle
cortex
medulla
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