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Chapter 5
The integumentary system
79
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/21/2012

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Term
Hypodermis
Definition
superficial fascia—deepest region;
consists of subcutaneous layer deep to skin (not technically part of skin)
made up of mostly adipose tissue
Term
Hypodermis functions
Definition
Term
Hypodermis stages
Definition
Term
Functions of the skin
Definition
Protects-underlying tissues and organs
Excretes- salts, water, and organic wastes (glands)
Maintains- body temperature (insulation and evaporation)
Synthesizes- vitamin D3, melanin, & keratin
Stores- lipids
Detects- touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Blood Reservoir-- 5% of blood held in skin
Term
Skin Stages
Definition
Term
What does vitamin D do?
Definition
Term
cells of the epidermis
Definition
Keratinocytes—produce fibrous protein keratin
Melanocytes- 10–25% of cells in lower epidermis produce pigment melanin
Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells—macrophages that help activate immune system
Tactile (Merkel) cells—touch receptors
Term
thick skin vs. thin skin (layer cell difference)
Definition
Term
Stratum Basale - (basal layer)
Definition
Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
Single row of stem cells
Also called stratum germinativum: cells undergo rapid division
Journey from basal layer to surface
Takes 25–45 days
Term
Epidermal Ridges
Definition
finger prints; caused by sweat glands
Term
Stratum Spinosum - (Prickly Layer)
Definition
Cells contain a weblike system of intermediate pre-keratin filaments attached to desmosomes
Abundant melanin granules and dendritic cells
Term
Stratum Granulosum - (Granular Layer)
Definition
Thin; three to five cell layers in which the cells flatten
Keratohyaline and lamellar granules accumulate
Term
Stratum Lucidum - (Clear Layer)
Definition
In thick skin only
Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum
A few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
Term
Stratum Corneum - (Horny Layer)
Definition
20–30 rows of dead, flat, keratinized membranous sacs
Three-quarters of the epidermal thickness
Functions
Protects from abrasion and penetration
Waterproofs
Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults

can peal off in thick sheets - dandruff
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
- 10–25% of cells in lower epidermis
- Produce pigment melanin & protect against damage *malignant melanoma involves these cells
Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
- produce fibrous protein keratin
- connected my desmosomes
Term
keratin
Definition
fibrous protein produced by keratinocytes
Term
functions of keratin
Definition
waterproofing, repellence, stores lipids
Term
sensible perspiration
Definition
Water excreted by sweat glands
Dehydration results:
from damage to stratum corneum (e.g., burns and blisters [insensible perspiration])
from immersion in hypertonic solution (e.g., seawater [osmosis])
Term
insensible perspiration
Definition
Interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through stratum corneum
Term
Skin color - related to melanin, melatonin, melanocytes
Definition
Term
Jaundice
Definition
yellow; caused by high levels in blood of a chemical bilirubin.
Term
Addison’s Disease
Definition
incredibly tan everywhere; produces melanin too much
Term
Vitiligo
Definition
white splotches; melanocytes being lost - immune system attacks melanocytes
effects 1% of the population worldwide
Term
Dermis
Definition
Strong, flexible connective tissue
Cells include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
Term
Layers of the dermis
Definition
Papillary
Reticular
Term
Papillary layer
Definition
Areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
Term
Dermal papillae contain:
Definition
Capillary loops
Meissner’s corpuscles
Free nerve endings
Term
Dermatitis
Definition
An inflammation of the papillary layer
Caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irritation, or chemicals (e.g., poison ivy)
Characterized by itch or pain
Term
Reticular layer
Definition
~80% of the thickness of dermis
Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
Elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Term
Cleavage lines
Definition
show dermal blood supply
Term
Skin Turgor
Definition
Term
contusions (bruises)
Definition
Term
accessory structures of the skin
Definition
Hairs and hair follicles
Oil glands
Sweat glands
Nails
*derived from the epidermis
Term
Understanding hair figures with respect to function
Definition
Term
Hair
Definition
Consists of dead keratinized cells
Contains hard keratin; more durable than soft keratin of skin
Term
What are hair pigments?
Definition
melanins (yellow, rust, brown, black)
Term
What causes gray or white hair?
Definition
decreased melanin production with age and increased air bubbles in shaft
Term
Functions of hair
Definition
Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin
Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight
Term
Distribution of hair
Definition
Entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia
Term
Hair follicle
Definition
Extends from the epidermal surface into dermis
Two-layered wall: outer connective tissue root sheath, inner epithelial root sheath
Term
Hair bulb
Definition
expanded deep end or base of follicle
Hair papilla
Hair matrix
Term
Hair follicle receptor
Definition
Root hair plexus*
Sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb
Stimulated by bending a hair
Term
Arrector pili
Definition
Smooth muscle attached to follicle
Responsible for “goose bumps”
Term
Vellus hair
Definition
pale, fine body hair of children and adult females
Term
Terminal hair
Definition
coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp, axillary, and pubic regions (and face and neck of males)
Term
Hair growth
Definition
Growth phase (weeks to years) followed by regressive stage and resting phase (1–3 months)
Growth phase varies (6–10 years in scalp, 3–4 months in eyebrows)
Term
Alopecia
Definition
hair thinning in both sexes after age 40
Term
True (frank) baldness
Definition
Genetically determined and sex-influenced condition
Male pattern baldness is caused by follicular response to DHT
Term
Sebaceous (Oil) Glands
Definition
Widely distributed
Most develop from hair follicles
Become active at puberty
Term
Sebum
Definition
Oily holocrine secretion
Bactericidal
Softens hair and skin
Term
Types of Sweat Glands (2)
Definition
Apocrine sweat glands

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Term
Apocrine sweat glands
Definition
confined to axillary and anogenital areas
produce Sebum: sweat + fatty substances and proteins (merocrine secretion)
Ducts connect to hair follicles
*Functional from puberty onward (as sexual scent glands?)
Term
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Definition
bundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Sweat: 99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
Ducts connect to pores
*Function in thermoregulation
Term
Ceruminous gland
Definition
Cerumen production in ear canal lining
Term
Control of glands
Definition
Autonomic Nervous System
Thermoregulation
Term
3 Types of Skin Cancer
Definition
1. Basal cell carcinoma
2. Squamous cell carcinoma
3. Melanoma
Term
Basal cell carcinoma
Definition
Least malignant, most common; effects stratum basale (basal layer)
Term
Squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
Second most common; effects stratum spinosum (prickly layer)
Term
Melanoma
Definition
Most dangerous; cancerous melanocytes
Term
Characteristics of Melanoma
Definition
Characteristics (ABCD rule)
A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
B: Border exhibits indentations
C: Color is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)
Term
Sagging/Wrinkles
Definition
caused by reduced amount of elastin in skin with age
Term
Stretch Marks
Definition
Tearing of dermis due to excessive stretching
mostly with pregnancy and obesity
Term
Cause and effect of burns
Definition
causes: Heat, electricity, radiation, certain chemicals
effect: tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death
Term
Nails
Definition
Term
Immediate threat of burns
Definition
Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock
Term
First Degree Burn
*partial thickness burn
Definition
Epidermal damage only
Localized redness, edema (swelling), and pain
Term
Second degree Burn
*partial thickness burn
Definition
Epidermal and upper dermal damage
Blisters appear
Term
Characteristics of Third Degree Burn
*full thickness burn
Definition
- Entire thickness of skin damaged
- Gray-white, cherry red, or black
- No initial edema or pain (nerve endings destroyed)
- Skin grafting usually necessary
Term
When are burns critical?
Definition
>25% of the body has second-degree burns
>10% of the body has third-degree burns
Face, hands, or feet bear third-degree burns
Term
Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
Definition
- Is a powerful peptide growth factor
- Is produced by glands (salivary and duodenum)
- Is used in laboratories to grow skin grafts
Term
Functions of EGF
(PASS)
Definition
Promotes- division of germinative cells
Accelerates - keratin production
Stimulates - epidermal repair
Stimulates - glandular secretion
Term
Effects of Aging 1
Definition
- Epidermal thinning
- Decreased numbers of dendritic (Langerhans) cells
- Decreased vitamin D3 production
- Decreased melanocyte activity
- Decreased glandular activity (sweat and oil glands)
Term
Effects of aging 2
Definition
- Reduced blood supply
- Decreased function of hair follicles
- Reduction of elastic fibers
- Decreased hormone levels
- Slower repair rate
Term
Importance of the Integumentary System
Definition
Protects and interacts with all organ systems
Changes in skin appearance are used to diagnose disorders in other systems
Term
Tattoos
Definition
Term
Bedsores
Definition
Term
Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells
Definition
macrophages that help activate immune system
Term
Tactile (Merkel) cells
Definition
touch receptors
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