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Chapter 5
The Integumentary system
69
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/22/2012

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Term
Three major regions of skin
Definition

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3.Hypodermis

Term
Epidermis
Definition
Keratinized stratified squamos epithelium
Term
Cells of the Epidermis
Definition

1.Keratinocytes

2. Melanocytes

3.Epidermal dendritic

4. Tactile(Merkel)

Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
produce fibrous protein keratin
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
10-25% of cells in lower epidermis; produce pigment melanin
Term
Epidermal dendrictic (Langerhans) cells
Definition
macrophages that help activate immune system
Term
Tactile (merkel) cell
Definition
Touch receptor
Term
Layers of Epidermis (top to bottom)
Definition

1. Stratum corneum

2. Stratum granulosum

3. Stratum spinosum

4. Stratum basale

Term
Stratum corneum
Definition
20-30 rows of dead kertanized membranous sacs; 3/4 of epidermal thickness
Term
Stratum corneum (functions)
Definition

1. Protect from abrasion and penetration

2.waterproof

3. Barrier against biological, chemical, and physical assaults

Term
Stratum granulosm
Definition
3 to 5 Thin cell layers in which cells flatten
Term
Stratum spinosum
Definition
cells contain  a weblike system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes
Term
Stratum basale
Definition
deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to dermis; rapid division of cells;single row of stem cells
Term
Stratum lucidum
Definition
Thin, transparent band superficial to the stratum granulosum; rows of dead keratinocytes
Term
Dermis
Definition
Strong, flexible connective tissue
Term
Cells in dermis
Definition

1. fibroblasts

2. macrophages

3. mast cells

4. WBC

Term
Two layers of dermis
Definition

1. Papillary

2. Reticular

Term
Papillary layer
Definition
areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers and blood vessels
Term
Dermal papillae contain
Definition

1. capillary loops

2. Meissner's corpuscles

3. free nerve endings

Term
Recticular layer
Definition
80% dermis thickness; collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency; elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
Term
Types of skin markings
Definition

1. friction ridges

2. cleavage lines

Term
Friction ridges
Definition
epidermal ridges on top of papillary ridges; friction ridges of fingerprints
Term
Cleavage lines
Definition
bundles of collagen fibers; incisions parallel to cleavage line heal rapidly
Term
Three pigments of skin color
Definition

1. Melanin

2. Carotene

3. Hemoglobin

Term
Melanin
Definition
produces melanocytes; migrates to keratinocytes forming pigment shields
Term
Carotene
Definition
yellow to orange, most obvious in palms and soles
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
responsible for pinkish hue of skin
Term
Appendages of the skin
Definition

1. sweat glands

2. oil glands

3. hair and hair follicles

4. nails

Term
two types of sweat glands
Definition

1. Eccrine sweat gland

2. Apocrine sweat gland

Term
Eccrine sweat gland
Definition
abundant on palms,soles, ad forehead; ducts connect to pores
Term
Eccrine sweat glands are made of....
Definition
99% water, NaCl, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, metabolic wastes
Term
Eccrine sweat glands function
Definition
Thermoregulation
Term
Apocrine sweat glands
Definition
confined to axillary and anogenital areas; ducts connect to hair follicles
Term
Apocrine sweat glands made of....
Definition
sweat + fatty substances and proteins
Term
Apocrine sweat glands funtion
Definition
from puberty onward ( as sexual scent glands)
Term
Specialized apocrine glands
Definition

1. ceruminous glands ( external ear canal)

2. mammary glands

Term
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Definition
widely distributed, develop from hair follicles, and become active at puberty
Term
Sebaceous (oil) glands functions
Definition

1. oily holocrine secretion

2. Bactericidal

3. softens hair and skin

Term
Functions of the hair
Definition

1. alerting the body presence of insect in skin

2. guarding scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

Term
Hair distribution
Definition
entire surface except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of external genitalia
Term
Hair
Definition
consists of dead keratinized cells; contains hard keratin
Term
Hair pigments
Definition

melanins (yellow, rust brown, black)

gray/white (decreased melanin; increased air bubbles)

Term
Hair follicle
Definition
extends from epidermal to dermis; hair bulb-expanded deep end 
Term
Hair follicle 2 layered wall
Definition
outer connective tissue root sheath and inner epithelial root sheath
Term
Hair follicle receptor
Definition
sensory nerve endings around each hair bulb; stimulate by bending hair
Term
Arrector pili
Definition
smooth muscle attached to follicle; responsible for goose bumps
Term
Types of hair
Definition

1. Vellus

2. Terminal

Term
Vellus
Definition
pale, fine body hair of children and adult females
Term
Terminal
Definition
coarse, long hair of eyebrows,scalp, axillary, and pubic region ( face and neck of males)
Term
Hair growth
Definition

1. growth phase (week to years) followed by regressive and resting phase (1-3 months)

2. growth phase varies ( 6-10 year in scalp, 3-4 months in eyebrows)

Term
Alopecia
Definition
hair thinning in both sexes after age 40
Term
True (frank) baldness
Definition
genetically determined and sex-infuenced condition; male pattern baldness cause by follicular reponse to DHT
Term
Structure of nail
Definition
Scalelike modification of the epidermis on the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes
Term
Protection of Integumentary system
Definition

1. chemical-low pH secretions and defensins bacterial activity

2. Body temperature regulation- 500ml/day of routine insensible persiption

3. Cutaneous sensations- temp., touch, and pain

4. Metabolic- synthesis of vitamin D; coversion of carcinogens and some hormones

5. blood reservoir- up to 5% of body's blood volume

6. excretion- nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat

Term
Skin cancer
Definition
do not metastasize; some skin lotions conatin enzymes in liposomes that can fix damaged DNA
Term

Skin Cancer

Risk factors

Definition

1. overexposures to UV radiation

2. Frequent irritation of the skin

Term

Skin Cancer

three major types

Definition

1. Basal cell carcinoma-least maignant,most common

2. Squamous cell carcinoma- 2nd most comon

3. Melanoma- most dangerous

Term
Basal cell Carcinoma
Definition
stratum basale cell proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis; cured by surgical excision 99%
Term
Squamos cell carcinoma
Definition
involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum, common in scalp,ears,lips, and hands. Cured if treated by radiation therapy or surgically
Term
Melanoma
Definition
Involves melanocytes; highly metastic and resistant to chemo. treated by wide surgical excision
Term

Melanoma

characteristics

Definition

A: asymmetry; 2 side of pigment don't match

B: border exhibits indentions

C: color is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue

D: diameter is larger tha 6 mm

Term
Burns
Definition
Heat,electricity,radiation,certain chemicals lead to tissue damage, denatured protein, cell death
Term
Burn immediate threat
Definition
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, leading to renal shutdown and circulatory shock
Term
Rule of nines
Definition
used to estimate the volume of the fluid loss from burns
Term
Partial-thickness burns
Definition

First degree-epidermal damage only

second degree- epidermal and upper dermal damage

third degree- entire thickness of skin damaged

Term
First degree
Definition
localized redness, edema (swelling) and pain
Term
Second degree
Definition
blisters appear
Term
Third degree
Definition
gray-white, cherry red, or black. No initial edema or pain. Skin grafting usually necessary
Term
Severity of burns
Definition

>25% of body has 2nd degree

>10% of body has 3rd degree

face, hands, or feet bear 3 rd degree

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