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Chapter 5
integumentary system
21
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/30/2011

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Term
Skin: 2 parts and an underlying functionally related part
Definition
1. epidermis = superficial region, thick epithelium (integumentary system)
2. dermis = underlying the epidermis, fibrous connective tissue, (integumentary system)
3. hypodermis: fatty layer underlying dermis, not part of the integumentary layer
Term
7 functions of the skin
Definition
1. cushions and insulates the deeper body organs
2. protects the body from bumps, scrapes and cuts
3. protects from harmful chemicals, heat, cold and bacteria
4. miniature excretory system
5. sweat glands help regulate body temperature
6. screens out harmful uv rays
7. contains sensory receptors keeping us aware of the condition of the body surface
Term
4 main cell types of the epidermis
Definition
1. keratinocytes = most abundant, produces keratin-fibrous protein-giving skin protective qualities. produce antibodies and enzymes. arise from basal layer, dead at surface
2. merkel cells = in the stratum basale and associated with nerve endings
3. malanocytes = 10-25% of stratum basale - makes melanin - clusters on superficial side of keratinocytes
4.langerhans = in the stratum spinosum just superior to the stratum basale, take up foreign proteins(antigens) and take them to the lymph nodes where they are destroyed by killer T lymphocytes
Term
5 layers of the epidermis (superior to deep)
Definition
1. stratum corneum
2. stratum lucidium (only in thick skin)
3.stratum granulosum
4. stratum spinosum
5. stratum basale
Term
Stratum basale (basal layer): 4 qualities
Definition
1. deepest layer of the epidermis
2. cells actively divide (mitosis)
3. attached to the dermis
4. only layer containing merkel cells and melanocytes
Term
Stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
Definition
1. spiny appearance due to artifacts of histological preparation
2. contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments = tonofilaments
3. contains star shpaed langerhans' cells
Term
stratum granulosum (granular layer)
Definition
1. contains keratinocytes and tonofilaments
2. tonofilaments: contains keratohyaline granules (helps form keratin) and lamellated granules (contains waterproofing glycolipids)
Term
stratum lucidum (clear layer)
Definition
1. only in thick skin
2. consists of a few rows of flat dead keratinocytes
Term
statum corneum (horny layer)
Definition
1. thick layer of dead keratinocytes and thickened plasma membranes
2. protects skin against abrasion and penetration.
Term
Dermis
Definition
1. second major layer of the skin
2. strong, flexible connective tissue
3. richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
4. has 2 layers: papillary (superficial 20%) and reticular layer (deeper 80%)
Term
Integumentary structure and and function of hypodermis
Definition
1. deep to the skin - also called superficial fascia
2.contains areolar and adipose connective tissue
3.anchors skin to underlying structures
4.helps insulate the body
Term
skin color: three contributing pigments
Definition
1. melanin - most important made from tyrosine
2. carotene - yellowish made from carrots and tomatoes
3. hemoglobin - caucasian skin contains little melanin and allows blood to show through
Term
Appendages of the skin: Hair
Definition
1. flexible strand of hard keratinized cells
2. parts = root and shaft
3. 3 layers = medulla, cortex, cuticle
Term
Hair follicles
Definition
extend from epidermis to dermis
1. hair bulb - deep but expanded end of hair follicle
2. root plexus - knot of sensory nerves around hair bulb
Term
Wall of hair follicle: 2 parts
Definition
1. outer connective tissue root sheath (derived from the dermis)
2. inner epithelial tissue root sheath (derived from the epidermis)
Term
Arrector pili muscle
Definition
bundle of smooth muscle - hair stands erect when arrector pili contracts
Term
Types of Hair
Definition
1. vellus hairs - body hairs of women and children
2. terminal hairs - hair of scalp, axillary, and pubic areas
Term
Hair thinning and baldness
Definition
1. due to aging (thinning)
2. male pattern baldness
Term
Sebaceous Glands: location, how secretion happens and the function of sebum
Definition
1. occurs over entire body except palms and soles
2. simple alveolar glands with a single duct. alveoli are filled with cells that become engorged with oily lipids and burst apart. process called holocrine secretion.
3. collects dirt, softens and lubricates hair and skin.
Term
Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands):
what sweat is, what it's made of and the 2 types
Definition
1. Sweat – is a blood filtrate
2. 99% water with some salts
3. Contains traces of metabolic wastes. Two types of sweat gland
1. Eccrine gland
Most numerous – produce true sweat
2. Apocrine gland
Confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas
Produce a special kind of sweat
Term
Nails: what it is, what it's made of, 5 parts of the nail
Definition
1. scale-like modification of epidermis
2. Made of hard keratin
3. Parts of the nail
Free edge
Body
Root
Nail folds
Eponychium – cuticle
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