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| the leader of a Frankish Kingdom in 481; he used military force & other means to combine kingdoms; cried out to God for victory in battle and promised to be baptized |
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| a royal line/kingdom; originally Clovis but given to his four sons when he died |
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| the leading palace official; person who was the real power in the Merovingian kingdom |
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| End of the 7th century Pepin II became mayor of the palace in a strong Frankish territory. He conquered neighboring territories and united them under one rule. His son Charles Martel expanded the kingdom. Charles' son, Pepin the Short took on the title of king in 751 with permission from the pope. |
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| On Christmas Day in 800, ___________ placed a crown on Charlemagne's head and proclaimed im Roman emperor. |
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| breakdown of a strong leadership of central power resulting in smaller local land owners ruling |
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| What were the similarities in Eropean and Japanese feudalism? |
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| 1. A few wealthy nobled sontrolled large tracts of land. 2. The large majority of the people did not own land. 3. Those who did not own land farmed or performed other duties that were useful to the nobles. 4. In exchange for a portion of the produce or services rendered, the noble would allow the people to live on his land. 5. The people were loyal and submitted to that noble. |
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| The estate on which most people lied |
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| Over time, the manor became self-supporting. It would have its own blacksmith to make and repair iron tools, a mill to process greain, and skilled laborers to meet the needs of those on the estate. |
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| During this time, men retained the title of king but had little power. Several generations of monarchs worked to strengthen their office and increase their authority by using wars and marriage alliances to expand their influences. |
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| After the fall of Rome, _____________, through ____________, preserved much of the Greco-Roman knowledge. |
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| the Roman Church, monasteries |
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| ______________ encourgaged the education of the clergy and children of nobility. |
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| When the Roman empire declined and collapsed, the Roman church began to __________. |
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| Leo I, bishop of the city of Rome, became the first to receive the title of ___________, in the 5th century after he convinced a violend barbaian tribe (the Huns) not to destroy the city of Rome. |
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| Gregory I was one of the first bishops of Rome to claim ______________ over all other Christians. |
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| Papal power increased during the 9th century when Pope Nicholas I claimed that the pope was ______________________________. |
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| supreme over the church and state |
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| Gregory VII, in 1077 forced a _________________ to submit to him or lose his crown |
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| The power of the papacy peaked during the beginning of the 13th century under Pope Innocent III who took the title of ___________________ and claimed to have supreme authority over all. |
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| The pastors (clergy) were forbidden in 1074 to marry creating a terrible problem since it violated the __________________ in Genesis 1 - 2. |
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| 7 sacraments the Roman Church developed to earn grace necessary for salvation |
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| 1 - Baptism (to remove original sin) 2 - Confirmation (to receive the Holy Spirit) 3 - Confession/penance (to receive redemption from sin) 4 - Communion/Eucharist (This is the primary sacrament to receive redemption from sin) 5 - Matrimony (Marriage is controlled by the church, and children are to be educated by the church 6 - Holy orders (The priest is considered another Christ; the nun is considered the bride of Christ 7 - Last rites (Anointing of the sick brings forgiveness of sin and prepares one for death) |
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| What leading palace official held the true power in the Merovingian dynasty? |
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| Who granted Pepin the Short the right to take the title of king? |
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| What ruler supported a revival of learning and made monasteries the centers of Western knowledge? |
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| Under what pope did the papacy reach its peak? |
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| The Roman Church taught that sacraments were means of earning ___________. |
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| __________ began to dominate the European landscape. |
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| In the 11th century, there was a warming of the climate in Europe. |
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| a legal document listing the privileges of the townspeople - this freed the people from many feudal duties |
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| in 1066 he laid the foundations for a strong monarchy in England; he established a new royal dynasty, the Normans |
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| William the conqueror's grandson; strengthened the English royal authority by expanding the use of royal courts. |
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| royal courts with judges who heard cases in a particular province (circuit) of England |
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| a count of Paris who founded a new royal line in France, the Capetian rulers. |
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| a French ruler who continued to develop a strong manarchy in France. |
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| bailiffs; royal officials |
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| group of local citizens who would make up a list of accusations |
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| uniform laws for all of England that overrulled the local laws |
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| granting or withholding approval of new taxes |
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| people were denied access to most of the sacraments |
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| armies traveling to the Holy Land to liberate them |
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| those who lived in towns and included merchants, bankers, craftsmen, and other skilled laborers |
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| a merchant first left an amount of money with the banker, who gave him a letter that credited the merchant for that amount |
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| an archetectural style during the middle ages using many elements of the Roman style; rounded vaults |
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| external supports in cathedrals |
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| a new sytle of construction in the 13th century |
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| an Italiam who wrote the Divine Comedy |
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| An English poet who wrote The Canterbury Tales |
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| the first calamity to strike large areas of Europe |
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| England and France fought a series of battles to settle the issue of English control of land in France |
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| English king was related to the french royal line |
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| peasant girl who believed that she was being direted from heaven to drive out the English; captured and burned her at the stake |
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