Term
| What determines the function of a connective tissue? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| A mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix |
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Term
| Osteocytes are housed in a _______. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Large, multi-nucleated cell that breaks down bone |
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Term
| Where does the collagen protein in bones come from? |
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Definition
| The osteoblasts secrete it as they build the bone matrix |
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Term
| What is the function of collagen in bone? |
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Definition
| Gives it flexibility and tensile strength |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium salt in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness and compressive strength |
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Definition
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| How does the bone matrix get calcium salts? |
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Definition
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Term
| What disease is caused by low calcium levels in the blood and is characterized by rubbery bones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cause of rickets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms the "beams" or "latticework" of cancellous bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is in between the spaces of the latticework of cancellous bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cell is found on the edge of cancellous bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which bone tissue is made of tightly-packed cylinders called osteons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What runs through the middle of an osteon that channels blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are osteons constructed of? |
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Definition
| Concentric lamellae (rings of bone tissue that surround the blood vessels running through central canal) |
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Term
| What is the bony tissue situated between the osteons that doesn't form rings? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the extensions from the osteocytes in compact bone called, and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Canaliculi--allows osteocytes to communicate with each other |
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Term
| What are epiphyseal plates made from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does epiphyseal growth do? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do bones grow in diameter (appositional growth)? |
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Definition
| Osteoblasts lay new bone matrix on top of old bone matrix, and osteoclasts remove bone from the medullary cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| Worn-out bone is broken down by osteoclasts and then rebuild |
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Term
| What kind of tissue is all new bone tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does bone need to be remodeled? |
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Definition
| Bone growth, weight gain/loss, reshaping, repairing, replace worn collagen, hydroxyapatite must be replaced |
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Term
| How do osteoclasts break down bone? |
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Definition
| Secrete proteolytic, which digests collagen proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Hematoma forms, callus forms, callus ossifies, cancellous bone is remodeled. |
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Term
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Definition
| localized mass of blood that is confined to an organ or some definable space |
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Term
| What does the hematoma do when a bone is broken? |
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Definition
| Forms a clot which stops bleeding in the area |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass of tissue that connects the ends of a broken bone |
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Term
| What does the internal callus do? |
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Definition
Performs the repair to the bone |
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Term
| What does the external callus do? |
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Definition
| Stabilizes bone while it is healing |
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Term
| How long can it take to fully repair a broken bone? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Regulates concentration of calcium ions in bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by thyroid gland and regulates calcium levels |
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Term
| What happens when blood calcium levels drop? |
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Definition
| Nerves become overactive and muscles can't relax |
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Term
| What is the negative feedback system that occurs when calcium levels drop? |
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Definition
| Parathyroid glands detect that change and produce PTH which causes osteoclasts to increase activity (break down bone). This releases calcium stored in bones into the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What is the negative feedback system response to too-high calcium levels? |
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Definition
| Thyroid gland detects increase and secretes calcitonin, which decreases osteoclast activity. |
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Term
| If the level of PTH goes up in the body, the level of calcium goes ______. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| How do estrogen/testosterone affect bone growth? |
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Definition
| They cause an initial spurt of growth but eventually lead to the ossification of the epiphyseal plates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two bones joined together with fibrous connective tissue (immoveable or slightly moveable) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Bones are united with fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage (immovable or slightly moveable) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Epiphyseal plates in immature bone; cartilage which attaches ribs to sternum |
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Term
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Definition
| Symphysis pubis; intervertebral disks between bones of vertebral column |
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Definition
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Term
| The ends of bones are covered with_______ __________. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Outer layer of articular capsule--holds bones in joint together |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed from the fibrous capsule to add more stability to the joints |
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Term
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Definition
| Articular capsule that extends beyond joint--fluid filled cushion that keeps tendons/bone from rubbing together |
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Term
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Definition
| Inner layer of articular capsule--produces synovial fluid |
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Definition
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Definition
Allows for motion in all directions
Example: shoulder |
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Definition
Allows for motion on one plane
Example: elbow |
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Term
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Definition
Allows for all motion except rotation
Example: thumb joint |
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Term
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Definition
Joint that occurs when flat surfaces glide across one another
Example: joint that joins clavicle to scapula |
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Term
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Definition
Similar to ball and socket, but less rotation allowed
Example: wrist |
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Term
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Definition
Allows for rotational motion
Example: shaking head no |
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Term
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Definition
| position acquired when one stands erect with the feet facing forwards, the upper limbs hanging at the sides, and the palms facing forward with the thumbs to the outside |
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