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Chapter 4: Skeletal System Histology and Movement
N/A
66
Anatomy
12th Grade
10/25/2010

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Term
What determines the function of a connective tissue?
Definition
The matrix
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
Bone-forming cell
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
A mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix
Term
Osteocytes are housed in a _______.
Definition
Lacuna
Term
Osteoclast
Definition
Large, multi-nucleated cell that breaks down bone
Term
Where does the collagen protein in bones come from?
Definition
The osteoblasts secrete it as they build the bone matrix
Term
What is the function of collagen in bone?
Definition
Gives it flexibility and tensile strength
Term
Hydroxyapatite
Definition
Calcium salt in bone matrix that gives bone its hardness and compressive strength
Term
Bone is ___% calcium
Definition
40 %
Term
Bone is __% phosphorous
Definition
20 %
Term
How does the bone matrix get calcium salts?
Definition
The blood
Term
What disease is caused by low calcium levels in the blood and is characterized by rubbery bones?
Definition
Rickets
Term
What is the cause of rickets?
Definition
Lack of vitamin D
Term
What forms the "beams" or "latticework" of cancellous bone?
Definition
Trabeculae
Term
What is in between the spaces of the latticework of cancellous bone?
Definition
Red bone marrow
Term
What cell is found on the edge of cancellous bone?
Definition
Osteoblasts
Term
Which bone tissue is made of tightly-packed cylinders called osteons?
Definition
Compact
Term
What runs through the middle of an osteon that channels blood vessels?
Definition
Central canal
Term
What are osteons constructed of?
Definition
Concentric lamellae (rings of bone tissue that surround the blood vessels running through central canal)
Term
What is the bony tissue situated between the osteons that doesn't form rings?
Definition
Interstitial lamellae
Term
What are the extensions from the osteocytes in compact bone called, and what is their function?
Definition
Canaliculi--allows osteocytes to communicate with each other
Term
What are epiphyseal plates made from?
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
What does epiphyseal growth do?
Definition
Lengthens the diaphysis
Term
How do bones grow in diameter (appositional growth)?
Definition
Osteoblasts lay new bone matrix on top of old bone matrix, and osteoclasts remove bone from the medullary cavity
Term
Bone remodelling
Definition
Worn-out bone is broken down by osteoclasts and then rebuild
Term
What kind of tissue is all new bone tissue?
Definition
Cancellous
Term
Why does bone need to be remodeled?
Definition
Bone growth, weight gain/loss, reshaping, repairing, replace worn collagen, hydroxyapatite must be replaced 
Term
How do osteoclasts break down bone?
Definition
Secrete proteolytic, which digests collagen proteins
Term
How are bones repaired?
Definition
Hematoma forms, callus forms, callus ossifies, cancellous bone is remodeled.
Term
Hematoma
Definition
localized mass of blood that is confined to an organ or some definable space
Term
What does the hematoma do when a bone is broken?
Definition
Forms a clot which stops bleeding in the area
Term
Callus
Definition
Mass of tissue that connects the ends of a broken bone
Term
What does the internal callus do?
Definition

Performs the repair to the bone

Term
What does the external callus do?
Definition
Stabilizes bone while it is healing
Term
How long can it take to fully repair a broken bone?
Definition
Around a year
Term
PTH
Definition
Regulates concentration of calcium ions in bloodstream
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
Secreted by thyroid gland and regulates calcium levels
Term
What happens when blood calcium levels drop?
Definition
Nerves become overactive and muscles can't relax
Term
What is the negative feedback system that occurs when calcium levels drop?
Definition
Parathyroid glands detect that change and produce PTH which causes osteoclasts to increase activity (break down bone). This releases calcium stored in bones into the bloodstream.
Term
What is the negative feedback system response to too-high calcium levels?
Definition
Thyroid gland detects increase and secretes calcitonin, which decreases osteoclast activity. 
Term
If the level of PTH goes up in the body, the level of calcium goes ______.
Definition
Up.
Term
What gland secretes HGH?
Definition
Pituitary gland.
Term
What does HGH do?
Definition
Stimulates tissue growth
Term
How do estrogen/testosterone affect bone growth?
Definition
They cause an initial spurt of growth but eventually lead to the ossification of the epiphyseal plates.
Term
Fibrous joint
Definition
Two bones joined together with fibrous connective tissue (immoveable or slightly moveable)
Term
Suture/syndesmosis
Definition
Fibrous joint
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
Radius/ulna
Term
Cartilaginous joints
Definition
Bones are united with fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage (immovable or slightly moveable)
Term
Synchondrosis/symphysis
Definition
Cartilaginous joints
Term
Synchondrosis
Definition
Epiphyseal plates in immature bone; cartilage which attaches ribs to sternum
Term
Symphysis
Definition
Symphysis pubis; intervertebral disks between bones of vertebral column
Term
Synovial joint
Definition
Contain synovial fluid
Term
The ends of bones are covered with_______ __________.
Definition
Articular cartilage
Term
Articular capsule
Definition
Surrounds joint
Term
Fibrous capsule
Definition
Outer layer of articular capsule--holds bones in joint together
Term
Ligaments
Definition
Formed from the fibrous capsule to add more stability to the joints
Term
Bursa
Definition
Articular capsule that extends beyond joint--fluid filled cushion that keeps tendons/bone from rubbing together
Term
Synovial membrane
Definition
Inner layer of articular capsule--produces synovial fluid
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
Lubricates joint
Term
Ball-and-socket joint
Definition

Allows for motion in all directions

Example: shoulder

Term
Hinge joint
Definition

Allows for motion on one plane

Example: elbow

Term
Saddle joint
Definition

Allows for all motion except rotation

Example: thumb joint

Term
Plane (gliding) joint
Definition

Joint that occurs when flat surfaces glide across one another

Example: joint that joins clavicle to scapula

Term
Ellipsoid joint
Definition

Similar to ball and socket, but less rotation allowed

Example: wrist

Term
Pivot joint
Definition

Allows for rotational motion

Example: shaking head no

Term
Anatomical position
Definition
position acquired when one stands erect with the feet facing forwards, the upper limbs hanging at the sides, and the palms facing forward with the thumbs to the outside
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