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Chapter 4
n/a
35
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/02/2012

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Term
Metabolism
Definition
-The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
-Can be divided into Anabolism and Catabolism
Term
Catabolism
Definition
-Breaks larger molecules into smaller ones
-Hydrolysis
Term
Anabolism
Definition
-Produces larger molecules from smaller ones
-Requires input of energy
-Provides substance for cellular growth and repair process
-Dehydration Synthesis
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
-Breaks down polysaccharides or disaccharides into monosaccharides
-Proteins/enzymes will break down to form amino acids
-Fats will break down to form fatty acids and glycerol
-Processes are controlled by enzymes
-Metabolic reactions are often reversible
-Both anabolism and catabolism must be balanced for healthy cells
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
-Monosaccharides join to form polysaccharides and disaccharides
-Amino Acids join to form proteins/enzymes
-Amino Acids -> Dipeptides -> Polypeptides
-Over 100 amino acids join to form proteins
-Fatty acids and glycerol join to form fats
Term
Control of Metabolic Reactions
Definition
• Different cells in the body may have different metabolic processes.
• But all cells will have some common processes to metabolize fat, protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid.
• Enzymes act as catalyst in the process.
• Enzymes remain unchanged at the end of the process.
• Enzymes are needed in small quantities.
• Enzymes are reusable, as they are not consumed during reactions.
Substrate + enzyme
Term
Lipase
Definition
An enzyme that splits fat into fatty acid glycerol
Term
Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase
Definition
They split sucrose, maltose, and lactose to make glucose
Term
Amylase
Definition
Splits carbohydrate into disaccharide
Term
Pepsin
Definition
Splits proteins into peptides
Term
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxipeptidase, Peptidase
Definition
Split peptides into amino acids
Term
Cofactors
Definition
-Mostly ions/minerals
Term
Coenzymes
Definition
-Mostly vitamins
-remain unaltered during reactions so they can be used over and over
-human bodies require small amounts of vitamins
-vitamins come from diet
-heat, radiations, pH, chemicals etc all degrade enzymes
Term
Energy and Metabolic Reactions
Definition
-cells need sources of energy for metabolic reactions
-metabolic reactions also produce energy
-cells capture about 1/2 of energy produced, such as ATP
-ATP supplies energy for various cell processes
-About 1/2 of the energy released as heat
Term
Energy and Metabolic Reactions
Definition
-cells need sources of energy for metabolic reactions
-metabolic reactions also produce energy
-cells capture about 1/2 of energy produced, such as ATP
-ATP supplies energy for various cell processes
-About 1/2 of the energy released as heat
Term
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Definition
-Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, CAC and ETC occur in the mitochondria
-Process produces H20 + CO2 + Energy
-1/2 of energy produced is ATP
-1/2 of energy produced is heat
Term
How many ATP molecules does Glycolysis produce?
Definition
2
Term
How many ATP molecules does Citric Acid Cycle produce?
Definition
2
Term
How many ATP molecules does Electron Transport Chain produce?
Definition
32-34
Term
Cellular Respiration requires ____ and ___ respiration
Definition
Aerobic and Anaerobic
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
Without oxygen
Term
Aerobic
Definition
with oxygen
Term
Metabolic Pathways are regulated by
Definition
Rate Limiting Enzymes
Term
Genome
Definition
All DNA in the cell
Term
Gene
Definition
A DNA molecule that contains the genetic information for making a specific protein.
Term
A DNA molecule consists of____.
Definition
2 polynucleotide chains
Term
Each chain in DNA molecule consists of
Definition
5-carbon sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogen Bases
Term
The nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule are
Definition
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
Term
Which Nitrogen bases pair together?
Definition
A-T, C-G
Term
RNA molecule have how many strands
Definition
1
Term
Instead of Thiamine RNA contains
Definition
Uracil
Term
mRNA that binds to Ribosomes has ____.
Definition
Codes for amino Acids called CODONs
Term
Each codon consists of ___ bases.
Definition
3
Term
tRNA has _____
Definition
anti-CODONs
Term
Mutagen
Definition
Substances that induce mutation
e.g. - chemicals, radiation, temperature
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