Term
|
Definition
| a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure. |
|
|
Term
| 4 basic tissue types and basic functions |
|
Definition
Epithelial tissue-covering
Connective-support
muscle-movement
nervous-control |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Tissue - 2 locations in the body and 4 functions |
|
Definition
A) 1. covers body surface and lines body cavities
2. forms most glands
B) 1.Protection
2.Absorption, secretion, ion transport
3.filtration
4.forms slippery surfaces |
|
|
Term
| 6 special Characteristics of Epithelia |
|
Definition
1. cellularity = made almost entirely from cells
2. specialized contacts = cell junctions
3. polarity = free upper (apical) surface and lower (basal) surface
4.support by connective tissue
5. Avascular but innervated
6. regeneration = replace lost cells quickly through cell division. |
|
|
Term
classification of epithelia:
number of layers and shape |
|
Definition
A) simple vs stratified
B)squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
|
|
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
+2 special types |
|
Definition
| thin and permeable for diffusion or filtration. walls of capillaries. lungs. Endothelium (inner covering)-slick lining of hollow organs. Mesethelium (middle covering) = lines peritonia, pleural,and pericardial cavities. covers visceral organs of those cavities |
|
|
Term
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
|
Definition
single layer of cube like cells with large spherical central nuclei
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: kidney tubules, secretorty portions of small glands, ovary surface. |
|
|
Term
| Simple Columnar Epithelium |
|
Definition
lines digestive tube from stomach to anus.
Function: absorption, secretion, and ion transport.
Some bear cilia-whip like bristles (uterine tube) |
|
|
Term
| Stratified Epithelia: Characteristics and function |
|
Definition
1. contains 2 or more layers
2. regenerates from below
3. major role = protection
4. named according to shape of cell at apical layer. |
|
|
Term
| Exocrine Glands: list 6 examples and describe how their products are transported. |
|
Definition
Ducts carry products to epithelial surface
1. mucus 2. sweat and oil 3. salivary 4.liver 5. pancreas 6. mammary |
|
|
Term
| Unicellular Exocrine Glands |
|
Definition
The goblet cell: produces mucin
*protects and lubricates internal body surfaces
*located in the columnar epithelium that lines intestines and respiratory tubes. |
|
|
Term
| Multicellular Exocrine Glands: 2 basic parts |
|
Definition
1. epithelium-walled duct
2. secretory unit
Categorized by structure of duct and secretory unit |
|
|
Term
| Endocrine Glands: 3 characteristics |
|
Definition
| 1. ductless 2. secretes directly into bloodstream 3. produce hormones |
|
|
Term
| Lateral Surface Features - Cell Junctions (3 types) |
|
Definition
Tight junctions: close off intercellular space (lining of digestive track)
Desmosomes: the main junction. scattered like rivets along the abutting sides of adjacent cells (2 disc-like plaques).
Gap junctions: passageway between 2 adjacent cells. lets small molecules move between neighboring cells. cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein. |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Surface Features aka Apical surface features |
|
Definition
1. Microvilli: finger-like extensions of plasma membrane
*abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
*maximize surface area across which small molicules enter or leave
*act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion
2. Cilia - whip-like highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes
*contains a core of 9 pairs of microtubules encircling one middle pair
*axoneme- a set of microtubules - arranged in a doublet
*similar to cytoplasmic organells called centrioles
*moves in coordinated waves |
|
|
Term
| Connective tissue proper (4 types) |
|
Definition
areolar: (loose) holds organs and epithelia in place
adipose: (loose) thermal insulation, energy storage
Dense: forms ligaments and tendons
Reticular: forms soft skeleton to support lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen + lymph nodes) |
|
|
Term
| Specialized connective tissues (3) |
|
Definition
1. blood
2. bone
3. cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Areolar Connective Tissue (4 characteristics) |
|
Definition
1. underlies epithelial tissue
2. surrounds small nerves and blood vessels
3. has structures and functions shared by other connective tissues
4. borders all other tissues in the body |
|
|
Term
| 4 Major functions of Areolar Connective Tissue that are shared with many other types of connective tissue |
|
Definition
1. support and binding of other tissues
2. holding body fluids
3. defending body against infection
4. storing nutrients as fat |
|
|
Term
| 3 Fibers of the areolar connective tissue |
|
Definition
1. collagen
2. reticular
3. elastic
Fibroblasts produce these fibers |
|
|
Term
| Cartilage: 3 characteristics and cell type |
|
Definition
1. firm, flexible tissue
2. contains no blood vessels or nerves
3. matrix contains up to 80% water
Cell type: chondrocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develops from the mesenchyme
consists of cells surrounded by a non-living matrix |
|
|
Term
| Covering and lining membranes (3 characteristics and 3 types) |
|
Definition
1. combines epithelial tissue and connective tissue
2. covers broad areas within the body
3.consists of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue
3 types: cutaneous(skin), mucous(lines hollow internal organs that open to the outside- epithelial sheet underlain with lamina propria), serous (simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle tissue: function and description |
|
Definition
1.pull on bones to cause movement
2.long large cells with many nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. wall of heart = contracts to pump blood through vessels
2. striated cells (like skeletal)
3. single nucleus
4. branch and join @ special junctions called intercalated discs |
|
|
Term
| Smooth Muscle Tissue : description, function and location |
|
Definition
1.Description
*spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei
*arranged closely to form sheets
*no striations
Function
*propels substances along internal passageways
*involuntary control
Location
* mostly walls of hollow organs |
|
|
Term
| Nervous tissue: location and 2 types of cells |
|
Definition
main component of nervous organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves
1. neurons - generate and conduct electrical impulses
2. supporting cells - nonconducting cells that nourish insulate and protect neurons |
|
|
Term
| Tissue response to injury (2 types) |
|
Definition
1. inflammatory response - limits damage to injury site (non-specific)
2. Immune response - take longer to develop (very specific) destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection) |
|
|
Term
| Inflammation: description and cause |
|
Definition
1. acute inflammation heat, redness, swelling and pain
* chemicals signal nearby blood vessels to dilate
* histamine increases permeability of capillaries |
|
|
Term
| Edema: definition and function |
|
Definition
1. Accumulation of fluid
a) helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria
B) brings oxygen and nutrients from blood
c) brings anti-bodies from blood to fight infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. organization = clot is replaced by granulation tissue (macrophages digest the clot and collagen is deposited)
2. granulation tissue transforms into fibrous scar tissue
3. at the same time, surface epithelium regenerates under the scab and over top the scar. |
|
|
Term
| Tissues and there varying ability to regenerate |
|
Definition
very well: epithelia, bone, areolar, dense irregular, and blood forming tissue
moderate: smooth muscle, dense regular
weak: skeletal muscle, cartilage
none: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord |
|
|
