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Chapter 4
tissues
34
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/29/2011

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Term
tissue
Definition
a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure.
Term
4 basic tissue types and basic functions
Definition
Epithelial tissue-covering
Connective-support
muscle-movement
nervous-control
Term
Epithelial Tissue - 2 locations in the body and 4 functions
Definition
A) 1. covers body surface and lines body cavities
2. forms most glands

B) 1.Protection
2.Absorption, secretion, ion transport
3.filtration
4.forms slippery surfaces
Term
6 special Characteristics of Epithelia
Definition
1. cellularity = made almost entirely from cells
2. specialized contacts = cell junctions
3. polarity = free upper (apical) surface and lower (basal) surface
4.support by connective tissue
5. Avascular but innervated
6. regeneration = replace lost cells quickly through cell division.
Term
classification of epithelia:

number of layers and shape
Definition
A) simple vs stratified
B)squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
+2 special types
Definition
thin and permeable for diffusion or filtration. walls of capillaries. lungs. Endothelium (inner covering)-slick lining of hollow organs. Mesethelium (middle covering) = lines peritonia, pleural,and pericardial cavities. covers visceral organs of those cavities
Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
single layer of cube like cells with large spherical central nuclei

Function: secretion and absorption
Location: kidney tubules, secretorty portions of small glands, ovary surface.
Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition
lines digestive tube from stomach to anus.
Function: absorption, secretion, and ion transport.
Some bear cilia-whip like bristles (uterine tube)
Term
Stratified Epithelia: Characteristics and function
Definition
1. contains 2 or more layers
2. regenerates from below
3. major role = protection
4. named according to shape of cell at apical layer.
Term
Exocrine Glands: list 6 examples and describe how their products are transported.
Definition
Ducts carry products to epithelial surface
1. mucus 2. sweat and oil 3. salivary 4.liver 5. pancreas 6. mammary
Term
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
Definition
The goblet cell: produces mucin
*protects and lubricates internal body surfaces
*located in the columnar epithelium that lines intestines and respiratory tubes.
Term
Multicellular Exocrine Glands: 2 basic parts
Definition
1. epithelium-walled duct
2. secretory unit
Categorized by structure of duct and secretory unit
Term
Endocrine Glands: 3 characteristics
Definition
1. ductless 2. secretes directly into bloodstream 3. produce hormones
Term
Lateral Surface Features - Cell Junctions (3 types)
Definition
Tight junctions: close off intercellular space (lining of digestive track)
Desmosomes: the main junction. scattered like rivets along the abutting sides of adjacent cells (2 disc-like plaques).
Gap junctions: passageway between 2 adjacent cells. lets small molecules move between neighboring cells. cells are connected by hollow cylinders of protein.
Term
Epithelial Surface Features aka Apical surface features
Definition
1. Microvilli: finger-like extensions of plasma membrane
*abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
*maximize surface area across which small molicules enter or leave
*act as stiff knobs that resist abrasion
2. Cilia - whip-like highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes
*contains a core of 9 pairs of microtubules encircling one middle pair
*axoneme- a set of microtubules - arranged in a doublet
*similar to cytoplasmic organells called centrioles
*moves in coordinated waves
Term
Connective tissue proper (4 types)
Definition
areolar: (loose) holds organs and epithelia in place
adipose: (loose) thermal insulation, energy storage
Dense: forms ligaments and tendons
Reticular: forms soft skeleton to support lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen + lymph nodes)
Term
Specialized connective tissues (3)
Definition
1. blood
2. bone
3. cartilage
Term
Areolar Connective Tissue (4 characteristics)
Definition
1. underlies epithelial tissue
2. surrounds small nerves and blood vessels
3. has structures and functions shared by other connective tissues
4. borders all other tissues in the body
Term
4 Major functions of Areolar Connective Tissue that are shared with many other types of connective tissue
Definition
1. support and binding of other tissues
2. holding body fluids
3. defending body against infection
4. storing nutrients as fat
Term
3 Fibers of the areolar connective tissue
Definition
1. collagen
2. reticular
3. elastic
Fibroblasts produce these fibers
Term
Cartilage: 3 characteristics and cell type
Definition
1. firm, flexible tissue
2. contains no blood vessels or nerves
3. matrix contains up to 80% water
Cell type: chondrocyte
Term
3 types of Cartilage
Definition
1. hyaline
2. elastic
3. fibrocartilage
Term
Blood tissue
Definition
develops from the mesenchyme
consists of cells surrounded by a non-living matrix
Term
Covering and lining membranes (3 characteristics and 3 types)
Definition
1. combines epithelial tissue and connective tissue
2. covers broad areas within the body
3.consists of epithelial sheet plus underlying connective tissue
3 types: cutaneous(skin), mucous(lines hollow internal organs that open to the outside- epithelial sheet underlain with lamina propria), serous (simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue)
Term
3 types of muscle tissue
Definition
1. skeletal
2. cardiac
3. smooth
Term
Skeletal muscle tissue: function and description
Definition
1.pull on bones to cause movement
2.long large cells with many nuclei
Term
cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
1. wall of heart = contracts to pump blood through vessels
2. striated cells (like skeletal)
3. single nucleus
4. branch and join @ special junctions called intercalated discs
Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue : description, function and location
Definition
1.Description
*spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei
*arranged closely to form sheets
*no striations
Function
*propels substances along internal passageways
*involuntary control
Location
* mostly walls of hollow organs
Term
Nervous tissue: location and 2 types of cells
Definition
main component of nervous organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves
1. neurons - generate and conduct electrical impulses
2. supporting cells - nonconducting cells that nourish insulate and protect neurons
Term
Tissue response to injury (2 types)
Definition
1. inflammatory response - limits damage to injury site (non-specific)
2. Immune response - take longer to develop (very specific) destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection)
Term
Inflammation: description and cause
Definition
1. acute inflammation heat, redness, swelling and pain
* chemicals signal nearby blood vessels to dilate
* histamine increases permeability of capillaries
Term
Edema: definition and function
Definition
1. Accumulation of fluid
a) helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria
B) brings oxygen and nutrients from blood
c) brings anti-bodies from blood to fight infection
Term
Repair: 3 steps
Definition
1. organization = clot is replaced by granulation tissue (macrophages digest the clot and collagen is deposited)
2. granulation tissue transforms into fibrous scar tissue
3. at the same time, surface epithelium regenerates under the scab and over top the scar.
Term
Tissues and there varying ability to regenerate
Definition
very well: epithelia, bone, areolar, dense irregular, and blood forming tissue
moderate: smooth muscle, dense regular
weak: skeletal muscle, cartilage
none: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord
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