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Chapter 4
Dayton School of Medical Massage
114
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/26/2010

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Term
Define tissues?
Definition
A group of cells with a common embryonic origin that function together to carry out specialized activities. Includes various types ranging from hard (bone) to semisolid (fat) to liquid (blood)
Term
What is histology?
Definition
Histology is the science that deals with the study of tissues.
Term
What does a pathologist do?
Definition
Pathologists specialize in laboratory studies of cells and tissues for diagnoses
Term
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Definition
1. epithelial 2. connective 3. muscular and 4. nervous
Term
What is epithelial tissue?
Definition
Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts, and forms glands
Term
What is the function of connective tissue?
Definition
Protects, supports, and binds organs. Stores energy as fat, provides immunity
Term
What is the function of muscular tissue?
Definition
Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generate body heat
Term
What is the function of nervous tissue?
Definition
Detects changes in body and responds by generating nerve impulses
Term
What are the three primary germ layers that all tissues develop from?
Definition
Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm
Term
Epithelial tissue is developed from which germ layers?
Definition
Epithelial tissues develop from all three germ layers
Term
All connective tissue and most muscle is derived from which germ layer?
Definition
All connective tissue and most muscle tissues derive from mesoderm
Term
What primary germ layer does nervous tissue develop from?
Definition
Nervous tissue develops from ectoderm
Term
What are the 5 primary cell junctions?
Definition
5 most common types: 1. Tight junctions 2. Adherens junctions 3. Desmosomes 4. Hemidesmosomes 5. Gap junctions
Term
Define a cell junction?
Definition
Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
Term
What are tight junctions and what is their function?
Definition
Web-like strands of transmembrane proteins. Fuse cells together. Seal off passageways between adjacent cells. Common in epithelial tissues of the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder. Help to retard the passage of substances between cells and leaking into the blood or surrounding tissues
Term
What are adherens junctions and what is their function?
Definition
Dense layer of proteins called plaque. Resist separation of cells during contractile activities. Located inside of the plasma membrane attached to both membrane proteins and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Transmembrane glycoproteins called cadherins insert into the plaque and join cells. In epithelial cells, adhesion belts encircle the cell
Term
What are desmosomes and what is their function?
Definition
Contain plaque and cadherins that extends into the intercellular space to attach adjacent cells together. Desmosome plaque attaches to intermediate filaments that contain the protein keratin. Prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension and cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction
Term
What are hemidesmosomes and what is their function?
Definition
Resemble half of a desmosome. Do not link adjacent cells but anchor cells to the basement membrane. Contain transmembrane glycoprotein integrin. Integrins attach to intermediate filaments and the protein laminin present in the basement membrane
Term
What are gap junctions and what are their functions?
Definition
Connect neighboring cells via tiny fluid-filled tunnels called connexons. Contain membrane proteins called connexins. Plasma membranes of gap junctions are separated by a very narrow intercellular gap (space). Communication of cells within a tissue. Ions, nutrients, waste, chemical and electrical signals travel through the connexons from one cell to another
Term
How is epithelial tissue arranged?
Definition
Epithelial tissue consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers. Cells are closely packed and held tightly together
Term
What are the 3 main functions of epithelial tissue?
Definition
1. Selective barrier that regulates the movement of materials in and out of the body 2.Secretory surfaces that release products onto the free surface 3.Protective surfaces against the environment
Term
What is epithelial tissue derived from?
Definition
Is derived from mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm
Term
What are the 3 surfaces of epithelial tissue and which direction do they face?
Definition
Apical (free) surface (Faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen, or duct). Lateral surface (Faces adjacent cells). Basal surface (Opposite of apical layer and adheres to extracellular materials; towards the blood side)
Term
What is the basement membrane and what two components does it have?
Definition
Thin double extracellular layer that serves as the point of attachment and support for overlying epithelial tissue. Consists of basal lamina and reticular lamina.
Term
What is the basal lamina?
Definition
Closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells. Contains laminin, collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans
Term
What is reticular lamina?
Definition
Closer to the underlying connective tissue. Contains collagen secreted by the connective tissue cells
Term
Does epithelial tissue have a nerve and blood supply?
Definition
Have own nerve supply. Are avascular or lack their own blood supply
Term
How often does epithelial cells divide?
Definition
Have a high rate of cell division for renew and repair
Term
How tightly packed are the cells?
Definition
Cells are closely packed
Term
What is simple epithelium and what is the funciton?
Definition
Single layer of cells that function in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption
Term
What is pseudostratified epithelium?
Definition
Appears to have multiple layers because cell nuclei at different levels. All cells do not reach the apical surface
Term
What is stratified epithelium and what is teh function?
Definition
Two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in areas of wear and tear.
Term
What is squamous epithelium and what is the function?
Definition
Thin cells, arranged like floor tiles. Allows for rapid passage of substances
Term
What is cuboidal epithelium and what is the function?
Definition
As tall as they are wide, shaped like cubes or hexagons. May have microvilli. Function in secretion or absorption
Term
What is columnar epithelium and what is the funciton?
Definition
Much taller than they are wide, like columns. May have cilia or microvilli. Specialized function for secretion and absorption
Term
What is transitional epithelium and what is the function?
Definition
Cells change shape, transitioning from flat to cuboidal. Organs such as urinary bladder stretch to larger size and collapse to a smaller size
Term
What is endothelium?
Definition
The type of simple squamous that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
Term
What is the germ layer origin of endothelium and mesothelium?
Definition
Unlike other epithelial tissue, both are derived from embryonic mesoderm
Term
What is mesothelium?
Definition
The type of epithelial layer of serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, or peritoneum
Term
What is the function of endocrine glands?
Definition
Secretions, called hormones, diffuse directly into the bloodstream. Function in maintaining homeostasis. Examples include thyroid gland
Term
What do exocrine glands secrete into? what types of secretions do they produce?
Definition
Secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surfaces of epithelium. Skin surface or lumen of a hollow organ. Secretions of the exocrine gland include mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes. Examples of glands include sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Term
What are the branched and unbranched ducts of exocrine glands called?
Definition
Simple gland duct does not branch. Compound gland duct branches
Term
What are the three shapes of exocrine ducts?
Definition
1. Tubular glands have tubular secretory parts 2. Acinar glands have rounded secretory parts 3. Tubuloacinar glands have both tubular and rounded secretory parts
Term
What are the three functional characteristics of exocrine glands?
Definition
1. merocrine 2. apocrine 3. holocrine
Term
What is a merocrine gland?
Definition
Secretion by exocytosis (found in salivary glands). Most exocrine glands are of this type.
Term
What is an apocrine gland?
Definition
Secretion is portion of gland that has pinched off (found in mammary glands)
Term
What is a holocrine gland and where are these found?
Definition
Cell dies and becomes the secretory product. Cell division replaces the lost cell. Found in oil glands
Term
What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What are the 5 main functions of connective tissue?
Definition
1.Binds tissues together 2.Supports and strengthen tissue 3. Protects and insulates internal organs 4. Compartmentalize and transport 5. Energy reserves and immune responses
Term
What is the extracellular matrix? What are it's main two components?
Definition
Extracellular matrix is the material located between the cells. Consists of protein fibers and ground substance
Term
Is connective tissue vascular? Does it have a rich nerve supply?
Definition
Connective tissue is highly vascular. Supplied with nerves. Exception is cartilage and tendon. Both have little or no blood supply and no nerves
Term
What is the function of a fibroblast?
Definition
Secrete fibers and components of ground substance
Term
What is the function of an adipocyte?
Definition
Store triglycerides (fat)
Term
What is the function of mast cells?
Definition
Produce histamine and are abundant alongside blood vessels
Term
What are the fucntions of white blood cells?
Definition
Immune response. 2 examples are Neutrophils and Eosinophils.
Term
What is the function of a macrophage?
Definition
Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. May also leave the blood to migrate to infected tissue.
Term
What is the function of a plasma cell?
Definition
Secrete antibodies and are especially abundant in the gastrointestinal tract and mammary glands.
Term
What are the 6 types of connective tissue cells?
Definition
1. fibroblasts 2. adipocytes 3. mast cells 4.white blood cells 5. macrophages 6. plasma cells
Term
What is ground substance and what is its function?
Definition
Between cells and fibers; Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified. Functions to support and bind cells, store water, and allow exchange between blood and cells. Complex combination of proteins and polysaccharides (some called hyaluronic acid among others)
Term
What are the 3 types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix?
Definition
1. collagen 2. elastic 3. reticular
Term
What is the function of collagen in the ECM?
Definition
Collagen fibers – Most abundant protein in the body. When arranged in bundles, they afford great strength to tissues (greater tensile strength than steel!!!)
Term
What is the function of elastic fibers in the ECM?
Definition
Elastic fibers – Plentiful in skin, blood vessels and lungs.
Term
What is the funciton of reticular fibers in the ECM?
Definition
Reticular fibers – Forms the stroma of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes.
Term
What is the parenchyma?
Definition
Parenchyma - is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. The parenchyma are the functional parts of an organ in the body.
Term
What is the stroma?
Definition
Stroma - In animal tissue, stroma refers to the connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ
Term
What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?
Definition
Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue
Term
What are the 5 types of mature connective tissue?
Definition
1. loose connective tissue 2. dense connective tissue 3. cartilage 4. bone tissue 5. liquid connective tissue
Term
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue?
Definition
Areolar, adipose, and reticular
Term
What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?
Definition
Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic
Term
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Definition
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
Term
What is the function of mesencyme?
Definition
Gives rise to all other connective tissues
Term
Where is mucous connective tissue (aka wartons jelly) found?
Definition
Found in umbilical cord of the fetus
Term
What is the most widely distributed tissue in the body?
Definition
Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar Connective Tissue
Term
Which fiber types are found in the loose connective areolar tissue?
Definition
all three fiber types (IMPORTANT)
Term
Which cells are found in loose connective adipose tissue? what is the function of this tissue type? what are the two types (think colors)?
Definition
Contains adipocytes. Good for insulation and energy reserves. White (common) and brown adipose tissue
Term
What fibers and cells are found in reticular connective tissue? what parts of organs does this make up?
Definition
Fine interlacing reticular fibers and cells. Forms the stroma of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
Term
Describe the fiber content and density in dense connective tissue? How closely is dense connective tissue packed?
Definition
Contains numerous thick and dense fibers. Packed closely with fewer cells than loose connective tissue
Term
Which fibers are found in dense regular connective tissue? How are those fibers arranged? What do they make up in the body?
Definition
Bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for strength. Makes up tendons and most ligaments and aponeuroses
Term
Which fibers are found in the elastic connective tissue? What is the function of elastic connective tissue? which organs are they found in?
Definition
Contains branching elastic fibers. Strong and can recoil to original shape after stretching. Lung tissue and arteries
Term
Which fibers are found in dense connective tissue? Where is this type of tissue found? Which organs is it found in?
Definition
Collagen fibers are usually irregularly arranged. Found where pulling forces are exerted in many directions. Dermis of skin and heart
Term
What is cartilage and what is it embedded in?
Definition
Cartilage is a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate
Term
What are chondrocytes? what space are they found in?
Definition
Cartilage cells found in the spaces called lacunae
Term
What is parichondrium? What are the two layers of perichondrium?
Definition
Covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage. Two layers: outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer
Term
Does cartilage have a blood supply or nerves?
Definition
No blood vessels or nerves, except perichondrium
Term
What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?
Definition
Most abundant cartilage in the body (makes up most of the fetal skeleton).
Term
What is hyaline cartilage surrounded by?
Definition
Surrounded by perichondrium (some exceptions like articular cartilage)
Term
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
Definition
Provides flexibility and support. Reduces friction
Term
Where are the chondrocytes located in elastic cartilage? Is perichondrium present? what is the function?
Definition
Chondrocytes are located within a threadlike network of elastic fibers. Perichondrium is present. Provides strength and elasticity
Term
Where are chondrocytes found in fibrocartilage?
Definition
Chondrocytes are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix
Term
Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium? How strong is it? what are the three places it's found in?
Definition
Lacks a perichondrium. Strongest type of cartilage. Found in intervertebral disc (between vertebrae), pubic symphysis and auditory tube.
Term
How fast does cartilage grow? Why?
Definition
Cartilage grows slowly. When injured or inflamed, repair is slow due to its avascular nature.
Term
What are the two ways in which cartilage grows?
Definition
Interstitial growth - Growth from within the tissue. Appositional growth - Growth at the outer surface of the tissue
Term
What are the two types of bone?
Definition
Compact and spongy
Term
What are trabeculae and where are they found?
Definition
Spongy bone lacks osteons. They have columns called trabeculae
Term
What are canaliculi and what is their function?
Definition
Contain minute canals for nutrient and waste transport known as canaliculi
Term
What is the extracellular matrix of blood called?
Definition
Connective tissue with liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma
Term
What are membranes in the body (refering to synovial or epithelial)?
Definition
Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.
Term
What are epithelial membranes?
Definition
Epithelial membranes are a combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.
Term
What are the 3 types of epithelial membranes?
Definition
Mucous, Serous, and Cutaneous membranes
Term
What are synovial membranes (where are they found)?
Definition
Lines joints and contains connective tissue but not epithelium. Also found lining bursae.
Term
What are mucous membranes? What is the importance of the overlying epithelial layer in mucous membranes? What is the connective tissue underneath called and how would you classify it?
Definition
Line body cavities that open directly to the exterior. Epithelial layer is important for the body’s defense against pathogens. Connective tissue layer is areolar connective tissue and is called lamina propria
Term
What are serous membranes? what do they cover? classify the connective tissue and epithelial tissue associated with serous membranes.
Definition
Line body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior. Covers the organs that lie within the cavity. Consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that secretes a serous fluid for lubrication
Term
what does the cutaneous membrane cover? What 2 things does it consist of?
Definition
Covers the entire surface of the body. Consists of epidermis and dermis
Term
Where are synovial membranes found? Do they have epithelium? Which cells secrete synovial fluid?
Definition
Line the cavities of freely movable joints. Lack epithelium. Synoviocytes secrete synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the cartilage in the joint
Term
What are the cells of muscle fibers called?
Definition
Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes
Term
What is the form of energy muscle cells use to generate force?
Definition
Cells use ATP to generate force
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle?
Definition
1.Skeletal muscle. 2. Cardiac muscle. 3. Smooth muscle
Term
Does skeletal muscle have striations?
Definition
Is it voluntary? What is its length? Has striations and is multinucleated. Performs voluntary movement or contractions by conscious control. Varies in length (up to 40 cm) and is roughly cylindrical in shape
Term
Does cardiac muscle have striations? Is it voluntary or involuntary? What unique feature does it have?
Definition
Has striations. Involuntary movement or contraction is not consciously controlled. Intercalated disc is unique to cardiac muscle tissue
Term
Where is smooth muscle found? Is it striated? Is it voluntary?
Definition
Walls of hollow internal structures blood vessels, airways of lungs, stomach, and intestines. Non-striated. Usually involuntary control
Term
What are the two types of nerve cells?
Definition
Neurons or nerve cells. Neuroglia
Term
What does it mean to be electrically excitable?
Definition
The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials
Term
How does an action potential move? What is the effect in nerves and muscle cells?
Definition
Actions potentials propagate along a nerve or muscle plasma membrane to cause a response. Release of neurotransmitters. Muscle contraction
Term
What is the pathway of propogation of an action potential through a nerve cell (neuron)?
Definition
Pathway of nerve propagation (in order). Dendrite - Cell body - axon
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