Term
| What is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 main functions of connective tissue? |
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Definition
| 1.Binds tissues together 2.Supports and strengthen tissue 3. Protects and insulates internal organs 4. Compartmentalize and transport 5. Energy reserves and immune responses |
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Term
| What is the extracellular matrix? What are it's main two components? |
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Definition
| Extracellular matrix is the material located between the cells. Consists of protein fibers and ground substance |
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Term
| Is connective tissue vascular? Does it have a rich nerve supply? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue is highly vascular. Supplied with nerves. Exception is cartilage and tendon. Both have little or no blood supply and no nerves |
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Term
| What is the function of a fibroblast? |
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Definition
| Secrete fibers and components of ground substance |
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Term
| What is the function of an adipocyte? |
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Definition
| Store triglycerides (fat) |
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Term
| What is the function of mast cells? |
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Definition
| Produce histamine and are abundant alongside blood vessels |
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Term
| What are the fucntions of white blood cells? |
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Definition
| Immune response. 2 examples are Neutrophils and Eosinophils. |
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Term
| What is the function of a macrophage? |
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Definition
| Engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis. May also leave the blood to migrate to infected tissue. |
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Term
| What is the function of a plasma cell? |
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Definition
| Secrete antibodies and are especially abundant in the gastrointestinal tract and mammary glands. |
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Term
| What are the 6 types of connective tissue cells? |
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Definition
| 1. fibroblasts 2. adipocytes 3. mast cells 4.white blood cells 5. macrophages 6. plasma cells |
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Term
| What is ground substance and what is its function? |
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Definition
| Between cells and fibers; Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified. Functions to support and bind cells, store water, and allow exchange between blood and cells. Complex combination of proteins and polysaccharides (some called hyaluronic acid among others) |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix? |
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Definition
| 1. collagen 2. elastic 3. reticular |
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Term
| What is the function of collagen in the ECM? |
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Definition
| Collagen fibers – Most abundant protein in the body. When arranged in bundles, they afford great strength to tissues (greater tensile strength than steel!!!) |
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Term
| What is the function of elastic fibers in the ECM? |
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Definition
| Elastic fibers – Plentiful in skin, blood vessels and lungs. |
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Term
| What is the funciton of reticular fibers in the ECM? |
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Definition
| Reticular fibers – Forms the stroma of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parenchyma - is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. The parenchyma are the functional parts of an organ in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stroma - In animal tissue, stroma refers to the connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ |
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Term
| What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of mature connective tissue? |
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Definition
| 1. loose connective tissue 2. dense connective tissue 3. cartilage 4. bone tissue 5. liquid connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Areolar, adipose, and reticular |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue? |
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Definition
| Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage |
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Term
| What is the function of mesencyme? |
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Definition
| Gives rise to all other connective tissues |
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Term
| Where is mucous connective tissue (aka wartons jelly) found? |
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Definition
| Found in umbilical cord of the fetus |
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Term
| What is the most widely distributed tissue in the body? |
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Definition
| Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar Connective Tissue |
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Term
| Which fiber types are found in the loose connective areolar tissue? |
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Definition
| all three fiber types (IMPORTANT) |
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Term
| Which cells are found in loose connective adipose tissue? what is the function of this tissue type? what are the two types (think colors)? |
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Definition
| Contains adipocytes. Good for insulation and energy reserves. White (common) and brown adipose tissue |
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Term
| What fibers and cells are found in reticular connective tissue? what parts of organs does this make up? |
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Definition
| Fine interlacing reticular fibers and cells. Forms the stroma of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes |
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Term
| Describe the fiber content and density in dense connective tissue? How closely is dense connective tissue packed? |
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Definition
| Contains numerous thick and dense fibers. Packed closely with fewer cells than loose connective tissue |
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Term
| Which fibers are found in dense regular connective tissue? How are those fibers arranged? What do they make up in the body? |
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Definition
| Bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns for strength. Makes up tendons and most ligaments and aponeuroses |
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Term
| Which fibers are found in the elastic connective tissue? What is the function of elastic connective tissue? which organs are they found in? |
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Definition
| Contains branching elastic fibers. Strong and can recoil to original shape after stretching. Lung tissue and arteries |
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Term
| Which fibers are found in dense connective tissue? Where is this type of tissue found? Which organs is it found in? |
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Definition
| Collagen fibers are usually irregularly arranged. Found where pulling forces are exerted in many directions. Dermis of skin and heart |
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Term
| What is cartilage and what is it embedded in? |
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Definition
| Cartilage is a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate |
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Term
| What are chondrocytes? what space are they found in? |
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Definition
| Cartilage cells found in the spaces called lacunae |
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Term
| What is parichondrium? What are the two layers of perichondrium? |
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Definition
| Covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage. Two layers: outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer |
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Term
| Does cartilage have a blood supply or nerves? |
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Definition
| No blood vessels or nerves, except perichondrium |
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Term
| What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body? |
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Definition
| Most abundant cartilage in the body (makes up most of the fetal skeleton). |
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Term
| What is hyaline cartilage surrounded by? |
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Definition
| Surrounded by perichondrium (some exceptions like articular cartilage) |
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Term
| What is the function of hyaline cartilage? |
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Definition
| Provides flexibility and support. Reduces friction |
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Term
| Where are the chondrocytes located in elastic cartilage? Is perichondrium present? what is the function? |
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Definition
| Chondrocytes are located within a threadlike network of elastic fibers. Perichondrium is present. Provides strength and elasticity |
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Term
| Where are chondrocytes found in fibrocartilage? |
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Definition
| Chondrocytes are scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix |
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Term
| Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium? How strong is it? what are the three places it's found in? |
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Definition
| Lacks a perichondrium. Strongest type of cartilage. Found in intervertebral disc (between vertebrae), pubic symphysis and auditory tube. |
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Term
| How fast does cartilage grow? Why? |
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Definition
| Cartilage grows slowly. When injured or inflamed, repair is slow due to its avascular nature. |
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Term
| What are the two ways in which cartilage grows? |
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Definition
| Interstitial growth - Growth from within the tissue. Appositional growth - Growth at the outer surface of the tissue |
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Term
| What are the two types of bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are trabeculae and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Spongy bone lacks osteons. They have columns called trabeculae |
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Term
| What are canaliculi and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Contain minute canals for nutrient and waste transport known as canaliculi |
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Term
| What is the extracellular matrix of blood called? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue with liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma |
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Term
| What are membranes in the body (refering to synovial or epithelial)? |
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Definition
| Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. |
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Term
| What are epithelial membranes? |
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Definition
| Epithelial membranes are a combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of epithelial membranes? |
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Definition
| Mucous, Serous, and Cutaneous membranes |
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Term
| What are synovial membranes (where are they found)? |
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Definition
| Lines joints and contains connective tissue but not epithelium. Also found lining bursae. |
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Term
| What are mucous membranes? What is the importance of the overlying epithelial layer in mucous membranes? What is the connective tissue underneath called and how would you classify it? |
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Definition
| Line body cavities that open directly to the exterior. Epithelial layer is important for the body’s defense against pathogens. Connective tissue layer is areolar connective tissue and is called lamina propria |
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Term
| What are serous membranes? what do they cover? classify the connective tissue and epithelial tissue associated with serous membranes. |
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Definition
| Line body cavities that do not open directly to the exterior. Covers the organs that lie within the cavity. Consist of areolar connective tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) that secretes a serous fluid for lubrication |
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Term
| what does the cutaneous membrane cover? What 2 things does it consist of? |
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Definition
| Covers the entire surface of the body. Consists of epidermis and dermis |
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Term
| Where are synovial membranes found? Do they have epithelium? Which cells secrete synovial fluid? |
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Definition
| Line the cavities of freely movable joints. Lack epithelium. Synoviocytes secrete synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the cartilage in the joint |
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Term
| What are the cells of muscle fibers called? |
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Definition
| Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes |
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Term
| What is the form of energy muscle cells use to generate force? |
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Definition
| Cells use ATP to generate force |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of muscle? |
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Definition
| 1.Skeletal muscle. 2. Cardiac muscle. 3. Smooth muscle |
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Term
| Does skeletal muscle have striations? |
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Definition
| Is it voluntary? What is its length? Has striations and is multinucleated. Performs voluntary movement or contractions by conscious control. Varies in length (up to 40 cm) and is roughly cylindrical in shape |
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Term
| Does cardiac muscle have striations? Is it voluntary or involuntary? What unique feature does it have? |
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Definition
| Has striations. Involuntary movement or contraction is not consciously controlled. Intercalated disc is unique to cardiac muscle tissue |
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Term
| Where is smooth muscle found? Is it striated? Is it voluntary? |
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Definition
| Walls of hollow internal structures blood vessels, airways of lungs, stomach, and intestines. Non-striated. Usually involuntary control |
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Term
| What are the two types of nerve cells? |
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Definition
| Neurons or nerve cells. Neuroglia |
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Term
| What does it mean to be electrically excitable? |
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Definition
| The ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals such as action potentials |
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Term
| How does an action potential move? What is the effect in nerves and muscle cells? |
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Definition
| Actions potentials propagate along a nerve or muscle plasma membrane to cause a response. Release of neurotransmitters. Muscle contraction |
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Term
| What is the pathway of propogation of an action potential through a nerve cell (neuron)? |
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Definition
| Pathway of nerve propagation (in order). Dendrite - Cell body - axon |
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