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Chapter 4 Tissues
Epithelial, Connective, Membranes, Muscle, Nervous
103
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/30/2009

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Term
Simple Squamous
Definition
One layer of flattened cells
Term
 Simple Cuboidal
Definition
One layer of cells about as tall as they are wide
Term
Simple Columnar, Ciliated
Definition
One layer of ciliated cells that are taller than they are wide
Term
Transitional epithelia
Definition

changes shape

Multiple layers of polyhedral cells, or flattened cells; some cells may be binucleated

Term
Simple epithelium
Definition
has one layer of cells
Term
Stratified epithelium
Definition
has several layers of cells
Term
Simple squamous epithelium are found where in the body
Definition
Lining of peritoneal cavity, cardiovascular system
Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelium are found where
Definition
Surface of the tongue, external skin, lining of esophagus
Term
Simple cuboidal Epithelium are found where
Definition
Kidney tubule, exocrine gland duct of pancreas,
Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium are found where
Definition
Sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
Term
Transitional Epithelium can be found where
Definition
Urinary bladder
Term
Simple columnar epithelium can be found where
Definition
intestinal lining
Term
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium can be found where
Definition
Trachea
Term
Goblet Cells
Definition
Unicellular exocrine gland. Secrete mucus, found in small intestines and large intestine
Term
Stratified Columnar epithelium can be found where
Definition
found in portions of teh male urethra
Term
Serous Glands
Definition
secrete enzymes
Term
Mucous glands
Definition
secrete mucins that absorb water to form mucus
Term
Mixed exocrine glands
Definition
are capable of both serous and mucous secretions
Term
Merocrine
Definition
salivary gland
Term
Apocrine
Definition
bud their secretions off like goblet cells found in mammary glands
Term
Holocrine
Definition
produced with the cell followed by a rupture found in hair follicles - sebaceous gland
Term
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Definition

Location

 

Air sacs in lungs, lining of heart chambers and lumen of blood vessesl, serous membranes of body cavities

Term

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

 

 

Definition
Thyroid gland follicles, kidney tubules, ducts and secretory regions of most glands, surface of ovary
Term
Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition
Lining of most of digestive tract, lining of stomach does not contain goblet cells
Term
Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition
Lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of respiratory tract
Term
NonKeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition
Lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esohagus, vagina, and anus
Term
Keratinized Stratified Squamouns Epithelium
Definition
Epidermis of skin
Term
Keratin
Definition
a fibrous intracellular protein
Term
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Definition
the apical surface is composed of layers of cells that are dead, these cells lack nuclei and all organelles and are filled with tough, protective keratin
Term
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
Found in large ducts in most exocrine glands and in some parts of the male urethra
Term
Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition
Rare; round in large ducts of some exocrine glands and in some regions of the male urethra
Term
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Definition

Ciliated form lines most of respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, part of pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi.

 

Non ciliated form is rare; lines epididymis and prat of male urethra

Term
Transitional Epithelium
Definition
Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
Term
Glands
Definition
either individual cells or multicellular organs composed predominantly of epithelial tissue
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
lack ducts and secrete their products directly into the interstitial fluid and bloodstream.
Term
Hormones are secreted by what gland
Definition
endocrine glands
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition

originate from an invagination of epithelium that burrows into the deeper connective tissues.

Contain ducts that secrete materials onto the surface of the skin

Term
What gland secret sweat from sweat glands or milk from mammary glands
Definition
Exocrine Glands
Term
What gland secrets enzymes from the pancreas into the small intestine or saliva from the salivary glands into the oral cavity
Definition
Exocrine Glands
Term
What is the most common type of unicellular exocrine gland
Definition
Goblet Cell
Term
Multicellular exocrine glands may be classified according to three criteria:
Definition

1) form and structure

2) type of secretion

3) method of secretion

Term
Serous Glands
Definition
produce and secrete a nonviscous, watery fluid, such as sweat, milk, tears, ar digestive juices
Term
Mucous Glands
Definition
secrete mucin, which forms mucus when mixed with water
Term
Mixed Glands
Definition
salivary glands - contain both serous and mucous cells, and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions
Term
Merocrine Glands
Definition

package their secretions in structures called secretory vesicles

Ex:  Lacrimal glands, salivary glands, some sweat glands, the exocrine glands of the pancrease, and the gastric glands of the stomach

Term
Eccrne Glands
Definition

a merocrine gland that is

a type of sweat gland in the skin that is not connected to a hair follicle

Term
Holocrine Glands
Definition

are formed from cells that accumulate a product and then the entire cell disintegrates.

EX:  The oil-producing glands (sebaceous glands) in the skin

 

(The oily secretion you feel on your skin is actually composed of ruptured, dead cells)

Term
Apocrine Glands
Definition

are composed of cells that accumulate their secretory products within the apical portion of their cytoplasm.

 

Ex:  Mammary glands and some sweat glands in the axillary and pubic regions

Term
All connective tissues share three basic components
Definition

cells

protein fibers

ground substance

Term
Mesenchyme
Definition

Throughout the body of the embryo, fetus, and adult

 

Common origin for all othe connective tissue types

Term
Mucous Connective Tissue
Definition

Umbilical Cord of Fetus

 

Support of structures in umbilical cord attaching fetus to mother

Term
Resident Cells
Definition

are permanently contained within the connective tissue

 

Help support, maintain, and repair the extracellular matrix

Term
Wandering Cells
Definition

Move throughout the connective tissue

 

immune protection and repair of damaged extracellular matrix

Term
Fibroblasts
Definition

large

relatvely flat cells with tapered ends

resident cells

 

Produce the fibers and ground substance componenets of the extracellular matrix

Term
Adipocytes
Definition

Store lipid reserves

 

 

Term
Fixed Macrophages
Definition

Phagocytize foreign material

 

Large cells derived from monocytes in blood

Term
Mesenchymal Cells
Definition

Divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue cells

 

Stellate or spindle-shape embryonic stem cells

Term
Mast Cells
Definition
Release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation
Term
Plasma Cells
Definition
Form antibodies that immobilize foreign substances, bacteria, viruses
Term
Free Macrophages
Definition
Phagocytize foreign materials
Term
Collagen
Definition
a protein that strengthens and supports almost all body tissues, especially the CT's.
Term
Areolar CT
Definition

Surrounding nerves, vessels, subcutaneous layer of the skin

 

Binds and packs around organs

Term
Adipose CT
Definition

Subcutaneous layer, surrounding kidney and selected other organs

 

Protects, stores fat, insulates

Term
Reticular CT
Definition

Stroma of spleen, liver, lymph nodes, bone marrow

 

Forms stroma of lymphatic organs

Term
Dense regular CT
Definition

Tendons and ligaments

 

Provides great strength and flexibility primarily in a single direction

Term
Dense Irregular CT
Definition

Deep portion of the dermis, supportin layer around cartilage and around bone, houses internal organs (liver, kidneys and spleen)

 

Provides tensile strength in all directions

Term
Elastic CT
Definition

Provides framework and supports organs

 

EX:  vocal cords, the suspensory ligament of the penis, and some ligaments of the spinal column, walls of large arteries

Term
Chondrocytes
Definition

Mature cartilage

 

avascular (without blood vessels)

Term
Three types of cartilage
Definition

Hyaline

Fibrocartilage

Elastic

Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition

most common and weakest

Supports soft tissue

forms most of the fetal skeleton

 

found in the nose, trachea, most of the larynx, costal cartilage (ribs) and the articular ends of long bones

Term
Fibrocartilage
Definition

Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee joint

 

Acts as a shock absorber and resists compressions

Term
Elastic Cartilage
Definition
Found in the epiglottis, external ear
Term
Connective Tissue Proper
Definition
includes those typ of CT that exhibit a variable mixture of both CT cell types and extracellular protein fibers suspended within a viscous ground substance
Term
Which CT has fewer protein fibers and relatively more ground substance
Definition
Loose
Term
Which CT has more protein fibers and relatively little ground substance
Definition
Dense
Term
Which type of CT primarily contains fibroblasts
Definition
Areolar
Term
What type of CT contains adipocytes
Definition
Adipose
Term
The presence of numerous leukocytes may indicate what
Definition
reticular CT
Term
Extracellular Matrix
Definition
The ground substance may be viscous (as in blood) semisolid (as in cartilage) or solid (as in bone).  Together the ground substance and the protein fibers form an
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition

Throughout the body of the embryo, fetus, and adult

 

Common origin for all other CT types

Term
Endothelium
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of the bolld and lymphatic vessels and the heart and its chambers
Term
CT tissues have three basic components
Definition

cells

protein fibers

ground substance

Term
Mucous CT
Definition

Umbilical cord of fetus

 

Support of structures in umbilical cord attaching fetus to mother

Term
Mucous Membranes
Definition

also called a mucosa

 

lines body passageways and compartments that eventually open to the external environment

 

EX:  digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts

Term
Serous Membrane
Definition

also termed a serosa

 

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) produce a watery serous fluid which is derived from blood plasma.

 

EX: pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura

Term
Cutaneous Membrane
Definition

Largest body membrane - skin

 

keratinized stratifited squamous epithelium (epidermis)

and a layer of CT (dermis)

Term
Synovial Membrane
Definition

Lines joint cavity and distributes nutrients to the cartilage on the joint surfaces of the bone

 

 

Term
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Definition

Attaches to bones or sometimes to skin (facial) also found in the voluntary sphincters - lips, urethra, anus

 

striated

voluntary body movements

Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition

Heart Wall (myocardium)

 

Involuntary contraction and relaxation

short, bifurcated,striated

Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition

Walls of hollow internal organs, such as vessels, airways, stomach, bladder, uterus

 

spindle-shaped, nonstriated

Term
Smooth muscle is also called
Definition
visercal muscle because it is found in the walls of most viscera, such as the stomach, urinary bladder, and blood vessels
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition

also termed neural tissue

consists of cells called neurons (nerve cells)

and glial cells (supporting cells)

Term
Cell Body
Definition
soma, that houses the nucleus and most other organelles
Term
Dendrites
Definition
receive incoming signals from othe cells and transmit the information to the cell body
Term
Axon
Definition
carries outgoing signals to other cells
Term
Which type of tissue contains a calcified ground substance and is specialized for structural support
Definition
Bone CT
Term
What is the predominant cell type in areolar CT
Definition
Fibroblast
Term
Preventing desiccation and providing surface lubrication within a body cavity are the functions of
Definition
Mucous
Term

What type of epithelium

 is adapted for diffusion and filtration

Definition
simple epithelium
Term
Which CT type is comosed of cells called chondrocytes and may be surrounded by a covering called perichondrium
Definition
cartilage
Term
Which epithelial tissue type lines the trachea
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
Which muscle type consists of long, cylindrical, striated cells with multiple nuclei located at the periphery of the cell
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
A gland that releases its secretion by exocytosis into tsecretory vesicles is called
Definition
merocrine gland
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