Term
|
Definition
| structural and functional unit of life |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Organismal functions depend on individual and collective cell functions
2. Biochemical activities of cells dictated by their shapes or forms, and specific subcellular structures
3. Continuity of life has cellular basis |
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Term
|
Definition
- Over 200 different types of human cells
- Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and functions |
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Term
|
Definition
| all cells have some common structures and functions |
|
|
Term
| human cells have three basic parts |
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Definition
♣ Plasma Membrane: flexible outer boundary
♣ Cytoplasm: Intracellular fluid containing organelles
♣ Nucleus: control center |
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Term
|
Definition
- Lipid bilayer and proteins in constantly changing fluid mosaic
- Plays dynamic role in cellular activity
- Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane lipids Composition |
|
Definition
75% phospholipids
5% glycolipids
20% cholesterol |
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|
Term
| lipid bilayer consists of what? |
|
Definition
| phosphate heads and Fatty acid tails |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| non-polar and hydrophobic |
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Term
|
Definition
| lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase membrane stability |
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Term
| 5 functions of membrane proteins |
|
Definition
transport
receptors for signal transduction
attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
enzymatic activity
intercellular joining
cell-cell recognition |
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|
Term
| Membrane Protein Transport process (2 descriptions) |
|
Definition
♣ A protein (left) that spans the membrane may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute.
♣ Some transport proteins (right) hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane. |
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Term
| Membrane proteins as receptors for signal transduction |
|
Definition
♣ A membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell may have a binding site that fits the shape of a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone.
♣ When bound, the chemical messenger may cause a change in shape in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical reactions in the cell. |
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Term
| Membrane protein attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular mix |
|
Definition
♣ Elements of the cytoskeleton (cell's internal supports) and the extracellular matrix (fibers and other substances outside the cell) may anchor to membrane proteins, which helps maintain cell shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins.
♣ Others play a role in cell movement or bind adjacent cells together. |
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Term
| membrane proteins enzymatic activity |
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Definition
♣ A membrane protein may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution.
♣ A team of several enzymes in a membrane may catalyze sequential steps of a metabolic pathway as indicated (left to right) here. |
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Term
| membrane proteins and intercellular joining |
|
Definition
♣ Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of intercellular junctions.
♣ Some membrane proteins (cell adhesion molecules or CAMs) of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interactions. |
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Term
| cell cell recognition and membrane proteins |
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Definition
| ♣ Some glycoproteins (proteins bonded to short chains of sugars) serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Adjacent integral proteins fuse form impermeable junction encircling cell
2. Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
♣ Where might these be useful in the body? |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Rivets" or "spot-welds" that anchor cells together at plaques (thickenings on plasma membrane). Linker proteins between cells connect plaques, keratin filaments extend cytosol to opposite plaque giving stability to ell and reduce possibility of tearing. |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Transmembrane proteins form pores (connexons) that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
2. For spread of ions, simple sugars, and other small molecules between cardiac or smooth muscle cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells are surrounded by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma membrane allow cells to what? |
|
Definition
1. Obtain from IF exactly what it needs, exactly when it is needed
2. Keep out what it does not need |
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|
Term
| What does it mean that plasma membranes are selectively permeable? |
|
Definition
| some molecules pass through easily but others do not |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways substances can cross the membrane |
|
Definition
| active and passive processes |
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|
Term
| Passive process means what |
|
Definition
♣ No cellular energy (ATP) required
♣ Substance moves down its concentration gradient |
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|
Term
| Active processes mean what? |
|
Definition
♣ Energy (ATP) required
♣ Occurs only in living cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| two types of passive transport |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
Channel Mediated facilitated Diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| certain lipophobic molecules are transported passively by binding to protein carriers or moving through water-filled channels |
|
|
Term
| carrier mediated facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
| 1. Transmembrane integral proteins are carriers that transport specific polar molecules (e.g., sugars and amino acids) too large for channels. Binding of substrate causes shape change in carrier then passage across membrane. Limited by number of carriers present. Carriers saturated when all engaged. |
|
|
Term
| Channel mediated facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
| aqueous channels formed by transmembrane proteins and selectively transport ions or water |
|
|
Term
| two types of channel mediated facilitated diffusion |
|
Definition
leakage channels- always open
Gated channels- controlled by chemical or electrical signals |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of solvent across permeable membrane |
|
|
Term
| water diffuses through plasma membranes through what? (2 things) |
|
Definition
| lipid bilayer and specific water channels called aquaporins (AQP's) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when water concentration is different on the two sides of the membrane |
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|
Term
| solute particles do what to water molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measure of total concentration of solute particles |
|
|
Term
| water moves by osmosis until what? |
|
Definition
| hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure equalize |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| back pressure of water on membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis |
|
|
Term
| when solutions of differnt osmolarity are separated from each other by a membrane what happens? |
|
Definition
| both solutes and water cross membrane until equilibrium is reached |
|
|
Term
| Osmosis causes cells to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does change in cell volume do? |
|
Definition
| disrupts cell function, especially in neurons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| usually across capillary walls |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- collisions cause molecules to move down or with their concentration gradient
- Speed influenced by molecule size and temperature |
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Term
|
Definition
| Difference in concentration between two areas |
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|
Term
| Molecules will passively diffuse through a membrane if- |
|
Definition
• It is lipid soluble, or
• Small enough to pass through membrane channels, or
• Assisted by carrier molecule |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability of solution to alter cell's water volume |
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Term
|
Definition
| Solution with same non-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol |
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|
Term
| two types of active processes of membrane transport |
|
Definition
| active transport, vesicular transport |
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Term
|
Definition
| requires carrier proteins, move solutes against concentration gradent |
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Term
|
Definition
| solute pumps that bind specifically and reversibly with substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| sodium potassium pump that is located in all plasma membranes and involved in primary and secondary active transport of nutrients and ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Review this section in notes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Depends on ion gradient created by primary active transport
- Energy stored in ionic gradients used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes
- Contrasport |
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Term
|
Definition
| always transports more than one substance at the same time |
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Term
|
Definition
| substances transported in same direction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| substances transported in opposite directions |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a particle of the membrane pinches and forms a vesicle, transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles. requires ATP |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport into, across, and then out of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport from one area or organelle in cell to another |
|
|
Term
| 7 functions of vesicular transport |
|
Definition
| exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking |
|
|
Term
| endocytosis and transcytosis |
|
Definition
♣ Involve formation of protein-coated vesicles
♣ Often receptor mediated, therefore very selective
♣ Some pathogens also hijack for transport into cell |
|
|
Term
| one vesicle inside Endocytosis and Transcytosis may |
|
Definition
fuse with lysosome
undergo transcytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cell engulfs a large particle by forming projecting pseudopods ("false feet") around it and enclosing it within a membrane sac called a phagosome. The phagosome is combined with a lysosome. Undigested contents remain in the vesicle (now called a residual body) or are ejected by exocytosis. Vesicle may or may not be protein coated but has receptors capable of binding to microorganisms or solid particles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "little feet" that engulf solids and bring them into cell's interior |
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Term
|
Definition
| vesicle formed by phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm flows into temporary extensions, allows creeping |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (fluid-phase endocytosis): The cell "gulps" a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. No receptors are used, so the process is nonspecific. Most vesicles are protein coated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes inside cell
♣ Fuses with endosome
o Most cells utilize to "sample" environment
o Nutrient absorption in the small intestine
o Membrane components recycled back to membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| resting membrane potential |
|
Definition
| produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across membrane in all cells- these cells are described as polarized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| electrical potential energy |
|
|
Term
| Voltage only at membrane in RMP |
|
Definition
♣ Ranges from –50 to –100 mV in different cells
• "–" indicates inside negative relative to outside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
♣ K+ diffuses out of cell through K+ leakage channels, proteins cannot inside cell membrane more negative K+ attracted back as inner face more negative
♣ K+ equalizes across membrane at –90 mV when K+ concentration gradient balanced by electrical gradient = RMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
♣ Attracted into cell due to negative charge RMP to –70 mV
♣ Membrane more permeable to K+ than Na+, so K+ primary influence on RMP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cl– does not influence RMP—concentration and electrical gradients exactly balanced |
|
|
Term
| active transport maintains what? |
|
Definition
| electrochemical gradients |
|
|
Term
| steady state is maintained how? |
|
Definition
| because rate of active transport equal to and depends on rate of Na+ diffusion into cell |
|
|
Term
| Na+-K+ pump continuously ejects _________ and carries ____ in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What upsets RMP by opening gated NA+ and K+ channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| action potential of active transport |
|
Definition
♣ Depolarization- -70 to -55mv to 30mv outside the cell
♣ Repolarization and then back to -70 |
|
|
Term
| roles of plasma membrane receptors |
|
Definition
contact signaling
chemical signaling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| touching and recognition of cells; e.g., in normal development and immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interaction between receptors and ligands (neurotransmitters, hormones, and paracrines) to alter activity of cell proteins (e.g., enzymes or chemically gated ion channels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ligand binding----> receptor structural change--->protein alteration |
|
|
Term
| Catalytic receptor proteins become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ open and close ion gates--->n changes in excitability |
|
Definition
| chemically gated channel-linked receptors |
|
|
Term
| What activates G proteins? |
|
Definition
| G Protein-linked receptors active G proteins |
|
|
Term
| G Protein-linked receptors active G proteins, affecting what? |
|
Definition
| an ion channel or enzyme, causing release of internal second messenger, such as cyclic AMP |
|
|
Term
| where is the cytoplasm located |
|
Definition
| between plasma membrane and nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What is the cytoplasm composed of? |
|
Definition
| cytosol, organelles, inclusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water with solutes (protein, salts, sugars, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metabolic machinery of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or non-membranous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vary with cell type; e.g., glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals |
|
|
Term
| cytoplasmic organelle types |
|
Definition
| membranous and non-membranous |
|
|
Term
| membranous Cytoplasmic organelles |
|
Definition
| mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Double-membrane structure with inner shelf-like cristae that provide most of cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
o Requires oxygen and Contain their own DNA, RNA, ribosomes
• Similar to bacteria; capable of cell division called fission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalases that detoxify harmful of toxic substances. These neutralize dangerous free radicals such as charged oxygen that could damage.alter our DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
- degrade nonfunctional organelles and break down and release glycogen
- autolysis
- break down bone to release calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases). "safe" sites for intracellular digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destroying cells in injured or non-useful tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisterns, Continuous with outer nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
| two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
♣External surface studded with ribosomes
♣Manufactures all secreted proteins
♣Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids
♣Assembled proteins move to ER interior, enclosed in vesicle, go to Golgi apparatus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Network of tubules continuous with rough ER |
|
|
Term
| Smooth ER's enzymes functions |
|
Definition
• Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids of lipoproteins
• Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
• Detoxification of drugs, some pesticides, carcinogenic chemicals
• Converting glycogen to free glucose
• Storage and release of calcium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
• Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER
• Transport vessels from ER fuse with convex cis face; proteins modified, tagged for delivery, sorted, packaged in vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Three types of vesicles bud from concave trans face of Golgi Apparatus |
|
Definition
o Secretory vesicles (granules): To trans face; release export proteins by exocytosis
o Vesicles of lipids and transmembrane proteins for plasma membrane or organelles
o Lysosomes containing digestive enzymes; remain in cell |
|
|
Term
| Non-membranous organelles |
|
Definition
| cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Granules containing protein and rRNA
Site of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (forming rough ER) synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes, or exported from cell |
|
|
Term
| Membranes allow crucial what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endomembrane System overall functions |
|
Definition
- Produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules
- Degrade potentially harmful substances |
|
|
Term
| endomembrane system includes what? |
|
Definition
| ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol; proteins link rods to other cell structures |
|
|
Term
| three types of cytoskeletons |
|
Definition
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules |
|
|
Term
| centrosome and centrioles |
|
Definition
- "Cell center" near nucleus
- Generates microtubules; organizes mitotic spindle
- Contains paired centrioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organelles, smal tubes formed by microtubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basis of cilia and flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cilia and flagella
microbilli
Nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
♣ Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells
♣ Contain microtubules and motor molecules
♣ Cilia move substances across cell surfaces
♣ Longer flagella propel whole cells (tail of sperm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
♣ Minute, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
♣ Increase surface area for absorption
♣ Core of actin filaments for stiffening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest organelle, genetic blueprint library that response to signals and dictates actions of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many nuclei, skeletal muscle cells, bone destruction cells, and some liver cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no nucleus, red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| Three regions of the nucleus |
|
Definition
| nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double membrane barrier that encloses nucleoplasm |
|
|
Term
| nuclear envelope outer layer |
|
Definition
| continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear envelope inner lining |
|
Definition
| nuclear lamina that maintains shape of nucleus- DNA scaffold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow substances to pass; nuclear pore complex line pores; regulates transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Threadlike strands of DNA (30%), histone proteins (60%), and RNA (10%), Histones pack long DNA molecules; involved in gene regulation; Condense into bar-like bodies called chromosomes when cell starts to divide |
|
|
Term
| what are the fundamental units of chromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defines changes from formation of cell until it reproduces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interphase, mitotic phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell grows and carries out functions, period from cell formation to division. |
|
|
Term
| three subphases of interphase |
|
Definition
gap 1- vigorous growth and metabolism
synthetic- DNA replication occurs
gap 2- preparation for division |
|
|
Term
| Cells that permanently cease dividing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division into two cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA copy made, helices separate, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to prime, DNA polymerase continues from primer working in one diretion, two DNA molecules form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division producing gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces clones, essential for body growth. think skin, intestinal lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes become visible, each with two chromatids joined at centromere, centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles, mitotic spindles and asters form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Centromeres of chromosomes aligned at equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plane midway between poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shortest phase, Centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously—each chromatid becomes a chromosome, Chromosomes (V shaped) pulled toward poles by motor proteins of kinetochores, Polar microtubules continue forcing poles apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow, this beings during late anaphase. ring of actin microfilaments- daughter cells pinched apart each containing a nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Begins when chromosome movement stops, Two sets of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, New nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass, Nucleoli reappear
Spindle disappears |
|
|
Term
| DNA is master blueprint for what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three sequential DNA nitrogen bases that for genetic library |
|
|
Term
| genes are composed of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each triplet specifies coding for what? |
|
Definition
| number, kind, and order of amino acids in polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does RNA differ from DNA? |
|
Definition
| Uracil is substituted for thymine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carries instructions for building a polypeptide, from gene
in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structural component of ribosomes that, along with tRNA, helps translate message from mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bind to amino acids and pair with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| two steps of protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| transcription, translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA information coded in mRNA, Transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene activators that loosen histones and bind to promoter DNA, mediate binding of RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| Three phases of transcription |
|
Definition
| initiation, elongation, termination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase separates DNA strands, small ribosomal subunit binds to initiator tRNA and mRNA to be decoded. large and small ribosomal units attach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Termination signal indicates stop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mRNA decoded and edited, convert base sequence of nucleic acids into amino acid sequence involving all types of RNA's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Each three base sequence on DNA represented by codon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complementary three-base sequence on mRNA, some amino acids represented by more than one codon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bind specific amino acid at stem, anticodon at head binds mRNA codon at ribosome by hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
Term
| Ribosome coordinates coupling of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three ribosome sites to coordinate coupling of mRNA and tRNA |
|
Definition
| aminoacyl site, peptidyl site, exit site |
|
|
Term
| three steps of elongation |
|
Definition
| codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tRNA binds complementary codon in A site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amino acid of rRNA in P site bonded to amino acid of tRNA in A site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tRNAs move one position–A->P; P->E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multiple ribosome-mRNA complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when stop codon enters A site it signals end of translation. Protein release factor binds to stop codon, water added to chain, release of polypeptide chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complementary base pairing directs what? |
|
Definition
| transfer of genetic info in DNA into amino acid sequence of protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complementary base pairing of mRNA codons with tRNA anticodons ensures what? |
|
Definition
| correct amino acid sequence |
|
|
Term
| Anticodons seqence identical to DNA sequence except |
|
Definition
| uracil substituted for thymine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Body fluids
Cellular secretions
Extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intestinal and gastric fluids, saliva, mucus, and serous fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant extracellular material. Jellylike mesh of proteins and polysaccharides secreted by cells; acts as glue to hold cells together |
|
|
Term
| developmental aspects of cells |
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Definition
| all cells of body contain same DNA but cells not identical, chemical signals in embryo channel cells into specific developmental pathways by turning some genes on and other off, development of specific and distinctive features in cells |
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Term
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Definition
| development of specific and distinctive features in cells |
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Term
| apoptosis and modified rates of cell division |
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Definition
| During development more cells than needed produced |
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Term
| when are organs well formed and functional? |
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Definition
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Term
| reason for Cell division? |
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Definition
| replace short-lived cells and repair wounds |
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Term
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Definition
| increases cell numbers when needed |
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Term
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Definition
| results from loss of stimulation or use |
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Term
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Definition
| little chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects |
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Term
| mitochondrial theory of aging |
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Definition
| free radicals in mitochondria diminish energy production |
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune responses, progressive weakening of immune response, C-reactive protein of acute inflammation causes cell aging |
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Term
| most widely accepted theory of cell aging |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mitosis and cell aging programmed into genes |
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Term
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Definition
| strings of nucleotides protecting ends of chromosomes, may determine number of times a cell can divide |
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Term
| telomerase lengthens what? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is telomerase found? |
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Definition
| germ cells, not found in adult cells |
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