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Chapter 3- a review of Cell Biology
Columbia Basin College
224
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/04/2017

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Term
cell
Definition
structural and functional unit of life
Term
Cell Theory (3 parts)
Definition
1. Organismal functions depend on individual and collective cell functions
2. Biochemical activities of cells dictated by their shapes or forms, and specific subcellular structures
3. Continuity of life has cellular basis
Term
Cell diversity
Definition
- Over 200 different types of human cells
- Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and functions
Term
generalized cell
Definition
all cells have some common structures and functions
Term
human cells have three basic parts
Definition
♣ Plasma Membrane: flexible outer boundary
♣ Cytoplasm: Intracellular fluid containing organelles
♣ Nucleus: control center
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
- Lipid bilayer and proteins in constantly changing fluid mosaic
- Plays dynamic role in cellular activity
- Separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF)
Term
ICF
Definition
intracellular fluid
Term
ECF
Definition
Extracellular fluid
Term
Interstitial fluid (IF)
Definition
ECF that surrounds cells
Term
Membrane lipids Composition
Definition
75% phospholipids
5% glycolipids
20% cholesterol
Term
lipid bilayer consists of what?
Definition
phosphate heads and Fatty acid tails
Term
phoshpate heads
Definition
polar and hydrophilic
Term
Fatty Acid Tails:
Definition
non-polar and hydrophobic
Term
glycolipids
Definition
lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface
Term
cholesterol
Definition
increase membrane stability
Term
5 functions of membrane proteins
Definition
transport
receptors for signal transduction
attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
enzymatic activity
intercellular joining
cell-cell recognition
Term
Membrane Protein Transport process (2 descriptions)
Definition
♣ A protein (left) that spans the membrane may provide a hydrophilic channel across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute.
♣ Some transport proteins (right) hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across the membrane.
Term
Membrane proteins as receptors for signal transduction
Definition
♣ A membrane protein exposed to the outside of the cell may have a binding site that fits the shape of a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone.
♣ When bound, the chemical messenger may cause a change in shape in the protein that initiates a chain of chemical reactions in the cell.
Term
Membrane protein attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular mix
Definition
♣ Elements of the cytoskeleton (cell's internal supports) and the extracellular matrix (fibers and other substances outside the cell) may anchor to membrane proteins, which helps maintain cell shape and fix the location of certain membrane proteins.
♣ Others play a role in cell movement or bind adjacent cells together.
Term
membrane proteins enzymatic activity
Definition
♣ A membrane protein may be an enzyme with its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution.
♣ A team of several enzymes in a membrane may catalyze sequential steps of a metabolic pathway as indicated (left to right) here.
Term
membrane proteins and intercellular joining
Definition
♣ Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may be hooked together in various kinds of intercellular junctions.
♣ Some membrane proteins (cell adhesion molecules or CAMs) of this group provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration and other cell-to-cell interactions.
Term
cell cell recognition and membrane proteins
Definition
♣ Some glycoproteins (proteins bonded to short chains of sugars) serve as identification tags that are specifically recognized by other cells.
Term
Cell Junctions
Definition
Tight Junctions
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
1. Adjacent integral proteins fuse form impermeable junction encircling cell
2. Prevent fluids and most molecules from moving between cells
♣ Where might these be useful in the body?
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
"Rivets" or "spot-welds" that anchor cells together at plaques (thickenings on plasma membrane). Linker proteins between cells connect plaques, keratin filaments extend cytosol to opposite plaque giving stability to ell and reduce possibility of tearing.
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
1. Transmembrane proteins form pores (connexons) that allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell
2. For spread of ions, simple sugars, and other small molecules between cardiac or smooth muscle cells
Term
connexons
Definition
pores
Term
Cells are surrounded by what?
Definition
Interstitial fluid
Term
Plasma membrane allow cells to what?
Definition
1. Obtain from IF exactly what it needs, exactly when it is needed
2. Keep out what it does not need
Term
What does it mean that plasma membranes are selectively permeable?
Definition
some molecules pass through easily but others do not
Term
what are the two ways substances can cross the membrane
Definition
active and passive processes
Term
Passive process means what
Definition
♣ No cellular energy (ATP) required
♣ Substance moves down its concentration gradient
Term
Active processes mean what?
Definition
♣ Energy (ATP) required
♣ Occurs only in living cell membranes
Term
two types of passive transport
Definition
diffusion and osmosis
Term
types of diffusion
Definition
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
Channel Mediated facilitated Diffusion
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
certain lipophobic molecules are transported passively by binding to protein carriers or moving through water-filled channels
Term
carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
Definition
1. Transmembrane integral proteins are carriers that transport specific polar molecules (e.g., sugars and amino acids) too large for channels. Binding of substrate causes shape change in carrier then passage across membrane. Limited by number of carriers present. Carriers saturated when all engaged.
Term
Channel mediated facilitated diffusion
Definition
aqueous channels formed by transmembrane proteins and selectively transport ions or water
Term
two types of channel mediated facilitated diffusion
Definition
leakage channels- always open
Gated channels- controlled by chemical or electrical signals
Term
osmosis
Definition
movement of solvent across permeable membrane
Term
water diffuses through plasma membranes through what? (2 things)
Definition
lipid bilayer and specific water channels called aquaporins (AQP's)
Term
when does osmosis occur?
Definition
when water concentration is different on the two sides of the membrane
Term
solute particles do what to water molecules?
Definition
displace them
Term
osmolarity
Definition
measure of total concentration of solute particles
Term
water moves by osmosis until what?
Definition
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure equalize
Term
hydrostatic pressure
Definition
back pressure of water on membrane
Term
osmotic water
Definition
tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis
Term
when solutions of differnt osmolarity are separated from each other by a membrane what happens?
Definition
both solutes and water cross membrane until equilibrium is reached
Term
Osmosis causes cells to what?
Definition
swell and shrink
Term
What does change in cell volume do?
Definition
disrupts cell function, especially in neurons
Term
Filtration
Definition
usually across capillary walls
Term
diffusion
Definition
- collisions cause molecules to move down or with their concentration gradient
- Speed influenced by molecule size and temperature
Term
concentration gradient
Definition
Difference in concentration between two areas
Term
Molecules will passively diffuse through a membrane if-
Definition
• It is lipid soluble, or
• Small enough to pass through membrane channels, or
• Assisted by carrier molecule
Term
tonicity
Definition
Ability of solution to alter cell's water volume
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Solution with same non-penetrating solute concentration as cytosol
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Solution with higher non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Solution with lower non-penetrating solute concentration than cytosol
Term
two types of active processes of membrane transport
Definition
active transport, vesicular transport
Term
active transport
Definition
requires carrier proteins, move solutes against concentration gradent
Term
carrier proteins
Definition
solute pumps that bind specifically and reversibly with substance
Term
Primary active Transport
Definition
sodium potassium pump that is located in all plasma membranes and involved in primary and secondary active transport of nutrients and ions
Term
sodium potassium pump
Definition
Review this section in notes
Term
Secondary Active Support
Definition
- Depends on ion gradient created by primary active transport
- Energy stored in ionic gradients used indirectly to drive transport of other solutes
- Contrasport
Term
contrasport
Definition
always transports more than one substance at the same time
Term
symport system
Definition
substances transported in same direction
Term
antiport system
Definition
substances transported in opposite directions
Term
vesicular transport
Definition
when a particle of the membrane pinches and forms a vesicle, transport of large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across membrane in membranous sacs called vesicles. requires ATP
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
transport out of cell
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
transport in cell
Term
trancytosis
Definition
transport into, across, and then out of cell
Term
vesicular trafficking
Definition
transport from one area or organelle in cell to another
Term
7 functions of vesicular transport
Definition
exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular trafficking
Term
endocytosis and transcytosis
Definition
♣ Involve formation of protein-coated vesicles
♣ Often receptor mediated, therefore very selective
♣ Some pathogens also hijack for transport into cell
Term
one vesicle inside Endocytosis and Transcytosis may
Definition
fuse with lysosome
undergo transcytosis
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
The cell engulfs a large particle by forming projecting pseudopods ("false feet") around it and enclosing it within a membrane sac called a phagosome. The phagosome is combined with a lysosome. Undigested contents remain in the vesicle (now called a residual body) or are ejected by exocytosis. Vesicle may or may not be protein coated but has receptors capable of binding to microorganisms or solid particles.
Term
pseudopods
Definition
"little feet" that engulf solids and bring them into cell's interior
Term
phagosome
Definition
vesicle formed by phagocytosis
Term
amoeboid motion
Definition
cytoplasm flows into temporary extensions, allows creeping
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
(fluid-phase endocytosis): The cell "gulps" a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. No receptors are used, so the process is nonspecific. Most vesicles are protein coated
Term
Pinocytosis steps
Definition
o Plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes inside cell
♣ Fuses with endosome
o Most cells utilize to "sample" environment
o Nutrient absorption in the small intestine
o Membrane components recycled back to membrane
Term
RMP
Definition
resting membrane potential
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across membrane in all cells- these cells are described as polarized
Term
voltage
Definition
electrical potential energy
Term
Voltage only at membrane in RMP
Definition
♣ Ranges from –50 to –100 mV in different cells
• "–" indicates inside negative relative to outside
Term
What establishes RMP?
Definition
Selective Diffusion
Term
electrochemical gradient
Definition
♣ K+ diffuses out of cell through K+ leakage channels, proteins cannot inside cell membrane more negative K+ attracted back as inner face more negative
♣ K+ equalizes across membrane at –90 mV when K+ concentration gradient balanced by electrical gradient = RMP
Term
How does Na+ affect RMP
Definition
♣ Attracted into cell due to negative charge RMP to –70 mV
♣ Membrane more permeable to K+ than Na+, so K+ primary influence on RMP
Term
Does Cl- influence RMP?
Definition
Cl– does not influence RMP—concentration and electrical gradients exactly balanced
Term
active transport maintains what?
Definition
electrochemical gradients
Term
steady state is maintained how?
Definition
because rate of active transport equal to and depends on rate of Na+ diffusion into cell
Term
Na+-K+ pump continuously ejects _________ and carries ____ in
Definition
3Na+ from cell; 2K+
Term
What upsets RMP by opening gated NA+ and K+ channels?
Definition
neuron and muscle cells
Term
action potential of active transport
Definition
♣ Depolarization- -70 to -55mv to 30mv outside the cell
♣ Repolarization and then back to -70
Term
roles of plasma membrane receptors
Definition
contact signaling
chemical signaling
Term
contact signaling
Definition
touching and recognition of cells; e.g., in normal development and immunity
Term
chemical signaling
Definition
interaction between receptors and ligands (neurotransmitters, hormones, and paracrines) to alter activity of cell proteins (e.g., enzymes or chemically gated ion channels)
Term
Chemical signaling order
Definition
Ligand binding----> receptor structural change--->protein alteration
Term
Catalytic receptor proteins become what?
Definition
activated enzymes
Term
_____________ open and close ion gates--->n changes in excitability
Definition
chemically gated channel-linked receptors
Term
What activates G proteins?
Definition
G Protein-linked receptors active G proteins
Term
G Protein-linked receptors active G proteins, affecting what?
Definition
an ion channel or enzyme, causing release of internal second messenger, such as cyclic AMP
Term
where is the cytoplasm located
Definition
between plasma membrane and nucleus
Term
What is the cytoplasm composed of?
Definition
cytosol, organelles, inclusion
Term
cytosol
Definition
water with solutes (protein, salts, sugars, etc)
Term
organelles
Definition
Metabolic machinery of cell; each with specialized function; either membranous or non-membranous
Term
inclusions
Definition
Vary with cell type; e.g., glycogen granules, pigments, lipid droplets, vacuoles, crystals
Term
cytoplasmic organelle types
Definition
membranous and non-membranous
Term
membranous Cytoplasmic organelles
Definition
mitochondria, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus
Term
mitochondria
Definition
• Double-membrane structure with inner shelf-like cristae that provide most of cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
o Requires oxygen and Contain their own DNA, RNA, ribosomes
• Similar to bacteria; capable of cell division called fission
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
membranous sacs containing powerful oxidases and catalases that detoxify harmful of toxic substances. These neutralize dangerous free radicals such as charged oxygen that could damage.alter our DNA
Term
functions of lysosomes
Definition
- digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
- degrade nonfunctional organelles and break down and release glycogen
- autolysis
- break down bone to release calcium
Term
lysosomes
Definition
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases). "safe" sites for intracellular digestion
Term
autolysis
Definition
destroying cells in injured or non-useful tissue
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisterns, Continuous with outer nuclear membrane
Term
two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
rough and smooth
Term
Rough ER
Definition
♣External surface studded with ribosomes
♣Manufactures all secreted proteins
♣Synthesizes membrane integral proteins and phospholipids
♣Assembled proteins move to ER interior, enclosed in vesicle, go to Golgi apparatus
Term
smooth ER
Definition
Network of tubules continuous with rough ER
Term
Smooth ER's enzymes functions
Definition
• Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids of lipoproteins
• Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats
• Detoxification of drugs, some pesticides, carcinogenic chemicals
• Converting glycogen to free glucose
• Storage and release of calcium
Term
enzymes
Definition
integral proteins
Term
golgi apparatus (FEDEX)
Definition
• Stacked and flattened membranous sacs
• Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids from rough ER
• Transport vessels from ER fuse with convex cis face; proteins modified, tagged for delivery, sorted, packaged in vesicles
Term
Three types of vesicles bud from concave trans face of Golgi Apparatus
Definition
o Secretory vesicles (granules): To trans face; release export proteins by exocytosis
o Vesicles of lipids and transmembrane proteins for plasma membrane or organelles
o Lysosomes containing digestive enzymes; remain in cell
Term
Non-membranous organelles
Definition
cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Granules containing protein and rRNA
Site of protein synthesis
Term
two types of ribosomes
Definition
Free and membrane-bound
Term
Free Ribosomes
Definition
synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
Term
Membrane-bound ribosomes
Definition
(forming rough ER) synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes, lysosomes, or exported from cell
Term
Membranes allow crucial what?
Definition
compartmentalization
Term
Endomembrane System overall functions
Definition
- Produce, degrade, store, and export biological molecules
- Degrade potentially harmful substances
Term
endomembrane system includes what?
Definition
ER, golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, lysosomes, nuclear and plasma membranes
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
Elaborate series of rods throughout cytosol; proteins link rods to other cell structures
Term
three types of cytoskeletons
Definition
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Term
centrosome and centrioles
Definition
- "Cell center" near nucleus
- Generates microtubules; organizes mitotic spindle
- Contains paired centrioles
Term
centrioles
Definition
organelles, smal tubes formed by microtubules
Term
what do centrioles form
Definition
basis of cilia and flagella
Term
Cellular extensions
Definition
cilia and flagella
microbilli
Nucleus
Term
cilia and flagella
Definition
♣ Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells
♣ Contain microtubules and motor molecules
♣ Cilia move substances across cell surfaces
♣ Longer flagella propel whole cells (tail of sperm)
Term
Microvilli
Definition
♣ Minute, fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
♣ Increase surface area for absorption
♣ Core of actin filaments for stiffening
Term
Nucleus
Definition
largest organelle, genetic blueprint library that response to signals and dictates actions of the cell
Term
uninucleate
Definition
one nucleus
Term
multinucleate
Definition
many nuclei, skeletal muscle cells, bone destruction cells, and some liver cells
Term
anucleate
Definition
no nucleus, red blood cells
Term
Three regions of the nucleus
Definition
nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
double membrane barrier that encloses nucleoplasm
Term
nuclear envelope outer layer
Definition
continuous with rough ER and bears ribosomes
Term
Nuclear envelope inner lining
Definition
nuclear lamina that maintains shape of nucleus- DNA scaffold
Term
nuclear envelope pores
Definition
allow substances to pass; nuclear pore complex line pores; regulates transport of large molecules into and out of nucleus
Term
chromatin
Definition
Threadlike strands of DNA (30%), histone proteins (60%), and RNA (10%), Histones pack long DNA molecules; involved in gene regulation; Condense into bar-like bodies called chromosomes when cell starts to divide
Term
what are the fundamental units of chromatin
Definition
nucleosomes
Term
cell cycle
Definition
defines changes from formation of cell until it reproduces
Term
Cell cycle stages
Definition
interphase, mitotic phase
Term
interphase
Definition
cell grows and carries out functions, period from cell formation to division.
Term
three subphases of interphase
Definition
gap 1- vigorous growth and metabolism
synthetic- DNA replication occurs
gap 2- preparation for division
Term
Cells that permanently cease dividing
Definition
G0 phase
Term
mitotic phase
Definition
cell division into two cells
Term
DNA replication
Definition
DNA copy made, helices separate, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to prime, DNA polymerase continues from primer working in one diretion, two DNA molecules form
Term
meiosis
Definition
cell division producing gametes
Term
mitotic cell division
Definition
produces clones, essential for body growth. think skin, intestinal lining
Term
mitosis
Definition
division of nucleus
Term
four stages of mitosis
Definition
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis
Term
prophase
Definition
chromosomes become visible, each with two chromatids joined at centromere, centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles, mitotic spindles and asters form
Term
metaphase
Definition
Centromeres of chromosomes aligned at equator
Term
metaphase plate
Definition
Plane midway between poles
Term
anaphase
Definition
shortest phase, Centromeres of chromosomes split simultaneously—each chromatid becomes a chromosome, Chromosomes (V shaped) pulled toward poles by motor proteins of kinetochores, Polar microtubules continue forcing poles apart
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
division of cytoplasm by cleavage furrow, this beings during late anaphase. ring of actin microfilaments- daughter cells pinched apart each containing a nucleus
Term
telephase
Definition
Begins when chromosome movement stops, Two sets of chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, New nuclear membrane forms around each chromatin mass, Nucleoli reappear
Spindle disappears
Term
DNA is master blueprint for what
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
Gene
Definition
segment of DNA with blueprint for one polypeptide
Term
Bases in DNA are what?
Definition
A, G, T, and C
Term
triplets
Definition
three sequential DNA nitrogen bases that for genetic library
Term
genes are composed of what?
Definition
exons and introns
Term
Each triplet specifies coding for what?
Definition
number, kind, and order of amino acids in polypeptide
Term
exons
Definition
code for amino acids
Term
introns
Definition
noncoding segments
Term
three types of RNA
Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Term
where is RNA formed?
Definition
nucleus
Term
how does RNA differ from DNA?
Definition
Uracil is substituted for thymine
Term
Messenger RNA role
Definition
Carries instructions for building a polypeptide, from gene
in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm
Term
Ribosomal RNA
Definition
Structural component of ribosomes that, along with tRNA, helps translate message from mRNA
Term
Transfer RNA
Definition
Bind to amino acids and pair with bases of codons of mRNA at ribosome to begin process of protein synthesis
Term
two steps of protein synthesis
Definition
transcription, translation
Term
Transcription
Definition
DNA information coded in mRNA, Transfers DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA
Term
Transcription factors
Definition
gene activators that loosen histones and bind to promoter DNA, mediate binding of RNA polymerase
Term
Three phases of transcription
Definition
initiation, elongation, termination
Term
initiation
Definition
RNA polymerase separates DNA strands, small ribosomal subunit binds to initiator tRNA and mRNA to be decoded. large and small ribosomal units attach
Term
Elongation
Definition
RNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides
Term
Termination
Definition
Termination signal indicates stop
Term
translation
Definition
mRNA decoded and edited, convert base sequence of nucleic acids into amino acid sequence involving all types of RNA's
Term
Genetic Code
Definition
Each three base sequence on DNA represented by codon
Term
Codon
Definition
complementary three-base sequence on mRNA, some amino acids represented by more than one codon
Term
role of tRNA
Definition
bind specific amino acid at stem, anticodon at head binds mRNA codon at ribosome by hydrogen bonds.
Term
Ribosome coordinates coupling of what?
Definition
mRNA and tRNA
Term
three ribosome sites to coordinate coupling of mRNA and tRNA
Definition
aminoacyl site, peptidyl site, exit site
Term
three steps of elongation
Definition
codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation
Term
codon recognition
Definition
tRNA binds complementary codon in A site
Term
Peptide bond formation
Definition
Amino acid of rRNA in P site bonded to amino acid of tRNA in A site
Term
translocation
Definition
tRNAs move one position–A->P; P->E
Term
polyribosome
Definition
multiple ribosome-mRNA complex
Term
Termination
Definition
when stop codon enters A site it signals end of translation. Protein release factor binds to stop codon, water added to chain, release of polypeptide chain
Term
stop codon
Definition
UGA, UAA, UAG
Term
Complementary base pairing directs what?
Definition
transfer of genetic info in DNA into amino acid sequence of protein
Term
DNA triplets
Definition
mRNA cidibs
Term
Complementary base pairing of mRNA codons with tRNA anticodons ensures what?
Definition
correct amino acid sequence
Term
Anticodons seqence identical to DNA sequence except
Definition
uracil substituted for thymine
Term
Extracellular Materials
Definition
Body fluids
Cellular secretions
Extracellular matrix
Term
body fluids
Definition
interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Cellular secretions
Definition
intestinal and gastric fluids, saliva, mucus, and serous fluids
Term
Extra-cellular matrix
Definition
most abundant extracellular material. Jellylike mesh of proteins and polysaccharides secreted by cells; acts as glue to hold cells together
Term
developmental aspects of cells
Definition
all cells of body contain same DNA but cells not identical, chemical signals in embryo channel cells into specific developmental pathways by turning some genes on and other off, development of specific and distinctive features in cells
Term
cell differentiation
Definition
development of specific and distinctive features in cells
Term
apoptosis and modified rates of cell division
Definition
During development more cells than needed produced
Term
when are organs well formed and functional?
Definition
before birth
Term
reason for Cell division?
Definition
replace short-lived cells and repair wounds
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
increases cell numbers when needed
Term
atrophy (decreased size)
Definition
results from loss of stimulation or use
Term
wear and tear theory
Definition
little chemical insults and free radicals have cumulative effects
Term
mitochondrial theory of aging
Definition
free radicals in mitochondria diminish energy production
Term
immune system disorders
Definition
autoimmune responses, progressive weakening of immune response, C-reactive protein of acute inflammation causes cell aging
Term
most widely accepted theory of cell aging
Definition
genetic theory-cessation
Term
Genetic theory cessation
Definition
mitosis and cell aging programmed into genes
Term
telomeres
Definition
strings of nucleotides protecting ends of chromosomes, may determine number of times a cell can divide
Term
telomerase lengthens what?
Definition
telomeres
Term
where is telomerase found?
Definition
germ cells, not found in adult cells
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