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Chapter 3
The Cellular Level of Organization
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/28/2017

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Term
cytology
Definition
the study of cellular structure and function
Term
sex cells (reproductive cells or germ cells)
Definition
sperm (spermatazoa)males
oocytes (eggs)females
Term
somatic cells (body cells)
Definition
All the rest of the cells in the body except the sex cells
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
the outer boundary of a cell
Term
functions of cell membrane
Definition
1.physical isolation
2.regulation of exchange with the environment
3.sensitivity to the environment
Term
the plasma membrane is called what?
Definition
a phospholipid bilayer
Term
cytosol
Definition
intracellular fluid (inside the cell)-contains dissolved nutrients, ions, soluble and insoluble proteins, and waste products.
Term
integral proteins
Definition
part of the plasma membrane and cannot be easily separated without damaging or destroying the membrane. Greatly outnumber peripheral proteins.
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and are easily separated from it.
Term
anchoring proteins
Definition
attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position.
Term
Recognition proteins (identifiers)
Definition
The cells of the immune system recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on the presence or absence of characteristic recognition proteins.
Term
enzymes
Definition
they catalyze reactions in the extracellular fluid or in the cytosol depending on where the protein and its active site are.
Term
Receptor proteins
Definition
Sensitive to the presence of specific extracellular molecules called ligands.
Term
carrier proteins
Definition
bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane.May require ATP as an energy source.
Term
Channels (central pore)
Definition
forms a passageway completely through the plasma membrane.Permits water and small solutes to move across the plasma membrane.
Term
Membrane carbohydrates
Definition
parts of complex molecules. The carbohydrate portion of these large molecules extend beyond the outer surface of the membrane forming the glycocalyx.
Term
functions of the glycocalyx
Definition
1.lubrication and protection-the glycolipids and the glycoproteins form a viscous (thick and sticky)layer
2.anchoring and locomotion-because of the sticky layer
3.specificity in binding-glycoproteins and glycolipids can function as receptors.
4.recognition-cells involved with the immune response recognize glycolipids and glycoproteins as normal or abnormal.
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
The material between the plasma membrane and the membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Contains cytosol and organelles.
Term
Organelles
Definition
Structures suspended in the cytosol that perform specific functions
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
A non-membranous organelle made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
Term
microfilaments
Definition
the smallest of the cytoskeleton elements made up of actin
Term
functions of microfilaments
Definition
1.Anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane.
2.Interacting with other proteins determine the consistency of the cytoplasm
3.Actin can produce movement of a portion of a cell or change the shape of the entire cell by interacting with the protein myosin
Term
Functions of intermediate filaments
Definition
1.strengthen the cell and help maintain its shape
2.stabilize the position of organelles
3.stabilize the position of the cell with respect to surrounding cells
Term
Microtubules
Definition
hollow tubes made from tubulin.
1.form the main portion of the cytoskeleton
2.change the shape of the cell and may assist in cell movement
3.serve as monorail system to move vesicles or other organelles within the cell.
4.During cell division they distribute duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell (spindle apparatus)
5.Form structural components of organelles such as centrioles and cilia
Term
Thick filaments
Definition
Made of myosin, found only in muscle cells
Term
Microvilli
Definition
Small finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane on their exposed surfaces.
Term
centrosome
Definition
A region of cytoplasm next to the nucleus in a cell. Surrounds a pair of centrioles.
Term
cilia
Definition
long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane. Motile cilia are found in the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
Term
centriole
Definition
Lie perpendicular to each other, have a 9+0 array. Aid in forming the spindle apparatus
Term
Flagellum
Definition
extension of the plasma membrane, found only on sperm cells
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Responsible for protein synthesis. The number varies with the type of cell and its demand for new proteins. Ex. Liver cells have more than fat cells
Term
Free ribosomes
Definition
scattered throughout the cytoplasm, their proteins directly enter the cytosol.
Term
Fixed ribosomes
Definition
Attached to the Endoplasmic Reticulum, their proteins enter the ER
Term
Proteasomes
Definition
Contain proteases that remove protein from the cytoplasm. Ubiquitin, a molecular "tag"
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
A network of intracellular membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus
Term
Functions of the ER
Definition
1.Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
2.Storage of synthesized molecules or materials absorbed from the cytosol.
3.Transport
4.Detoxification-can absorb drugs or toxins and neutralize them with enzymes
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
No ribosomes attached.
1.synthesis of the phospholipids and cholesterol needed for maintenance and growth of the plasma membrane, ER, nuclear membrane, and Golgi apparatus in all cells
2.Synthesis of steroid hormones (androgen and estrogen) in the reproductive organs.
3.Synthesis and storage of glycerides, esp. triglycerides in liver and fat cells.
4.Synthesis and storage of glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells.
Term
Rough ER
Definition
combination workshop and shipping warehouse to the Golgi apparatus
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
consists of 5 o6 flattened membranous discs called cisternae.
1.Modifies and packages secretions for release from the cell.
2.Renews or modifies the plasma membrane.
3.Packages special enzymes within vesicles (Lysosomes) for use in the cytoplasm.
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