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Chapter 3
A&P Saladin
64
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/30/2011

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Term
Organelle
Definition
Any structure within a cell that carries out one of its metabolic roles, such as mitochondria, centrioles, endoplasmic reticulum, and the nucleus; an intracellular structure other than the cytoskeleton and inclusions.
Term
Fluid-Mosaic Model
Definition
The current theory of the structure of the plasma membrane, depicting it as a bilayer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, many of which are able to move about in the lipid film.
Term
Gradient
Definition
A difference or change in any variable, such as pressure or chemical concentration, from one point in space to another; provides a basis for molecular movements such as gas exchange, osmosis and fascilitated diffusion.
Term
Endothelium
Definition
A simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumens of the blood vessels, heart, and lymphatic vessels.
Term
Integral Protein
Definition
A protein that extends through a plasma membrane and contacts both the extracellular and intracellular fluid
Term
Microvillus
Definition
An outgrowth of the plasma membrane that increases the surface area of a cell and functions in absorption and some sensory processes; distinguished from cilia and flagella by its smaller size and lack of an axoneme
Term
Cytosol
Definition
A clear, featureless, gelatinous colloid in which the organelles and other internal structures of a cell are embedded.
Term
Cuboidal
Definition
A cellular shape that is roughly like a cube or in which the height and width are about equal.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
The net diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Term
Filtrate
Definition
A fluid formed by filtration
Term
Second Messenger
Definition
A chemical that is produced within a cell or that enters a cell in response to the biding of a messenger to a membrane receptor and that triggers a metabolic reaction in the cell.
Term
Channel Protein
Definition
A protein in the plasma membrane that has a pore through it for the passage of materials between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid.
Term
Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition
The physical force generated by a liquid such as blood or tissue fluid, as opposed to osmotic and atmospheric pressures.
Term
Selectively permeable membrane
Definition
A membrane that allows some substances to pass through while excluding others; for example, the plasma membrane and dialysis membranes
Term
Transmission Electron Microscope
Definition
A microscope that uses an electron beam in place of light to form high-resolution, two dimensional images of ultrathin slices of cells or tissues; capable of extremely high magnification
Term
Axoneme
Definition
The core of microtubules, usually in a "9 + 2" array, at the center of cilium or flagellum
Term
Symport
Definition
A carrier protein that moves two solutes simultaneously through a plasma membrane in the same direction, such as the sodium-dependent glucose transporter of the small intestine.
Term
Unit membrane
Definition
Any membrane composed of a bilayer of phospholipids and embedded proteins. A single unit membrane comprises the plasma membrane and encloses many organelles of a cell, whereas double unit membranes enclose the nucleus and mitochondria.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
Any process in which a cell forms vesicles from its plasma membrane and takes in large particles, molecules, or droplets of extracellular fluid; for example, phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
Term
Apical Surface
Definition
The uppermost surface of an epithelial cell, usually exposed to the lumen of an organ.
Term
Dextrose
Definition
The D-isomer of glucose; the only form of glucose with a normal role in physiology.
Term
G Protein
Definition
A protein of the plasma membrane that is activated by a membrane receptor and, in turn, opens an ion channel or activates an intracellular physiological response; important in linking ligand-receptor binding to second messenger systems.
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
An extensive system of interconnected cytoplasmic tubules or channels; classified as rough ER or smooth ER depending on the presence or absence of ribosomes on its membrane.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Having a lower osmotic pressure than human cells or some other reference solution and tending to cause osmotic swelling and lysis of cells.
Term
Active Transport
Definition
The movement of a solute through a cellular membrane, against its concentration gradient, involving a carrier protein that expends ATP.
Term
Cisterna
Definition
A fluid-filled space or sac, such as the cisterna chyli of the lymphatic system and a cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi Complex
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
A system of protein microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules in a cell, serving in physical support, cellular movement, and the routing of molecules and organelles to their destinations within the cell.
Term
Filtration
Definition
A process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane
Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
The amount of pressure that would have to be applied to one side of a selectively permeable membrane to stop osmosis; proportional to the concentration of nonpermeating solutes on that side and therefore serving as an indicator of solute concentration
Term
Mitochondrion
Definition
An organelle specialized to synthesize ATP, enclosed in a double unit membrane with infoldings of the inner membrane called cristae
Term
Cilium
Definition
A hairlike process, with an axoneme, projecting from the apical surface of an epithelial cell; usually motile and serving to propel matter across the surface of an epithelium but sometimes serving sensory roles.
Term
Intracellular
Definition
within a cell
Term
Ligand-gated Channel
Definition
A channel protein in a plasma membrane that opens or closes when a ligand binds to it, enabling the ligand to determine when substances can enter or leave a cell.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
a cellular organelle containing DNA ad surrounded by a double unit membrane
Term
Cellular Membrane
Definition
Any unit membrane enclosing a cell or organelle
Term
Carrier
Definition
a protein in a cellular membrane that performs carrier-mediated transport.
Term
Light Microscope
Definition
a Microscope that produces images within visable light.
Term
Microtubule
Definition
an intracellular cylinder composed of the protein tubulin, forming the axonemes of the cilia and flagella and part of the cytoskeleton
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
A form of endycytosis in which a cell surrounds a foreign particle with pseudopods and engulfs it enclosing it in a cytoplasmic vesicle called a phagosome.
Term
Actin
Definition
A filamentous intracellular protein that provides cytoskeletal support and interacts with other proteins, especially myosis, to cause cellular movement; important in muscle contraction, ciliary and flagellar beating, and membrane actions such as phagocytosis, ameboid movement, and cytokinesis.
Term
Antiport
Definition
An active transport carrier that moves two or more solutes in opposite directions through a cellular membrane; for example, the Na+ - K+ pump.
Term
Carrier-Mediated Transport
Definition
A process of transporting materials through a cellular membrane that involves reversible binding to a membrane protein.
Term
Centriole
Definition
An organelle composed of two short perpendicular cylinders of microtubules; origin of the mitotic spindle.
Term
Concentration Gradient
Definition
A gradual change in chemical concentration from one point to another.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
A form of endycytosis in which the plasma membrane sinks inward and imbibes droplets of extracellular fluid or specific molecules concentrated from that fluid.
Term
Flagellum
Definition
A long, Motile, usually single hairlike extension of a cell; the tail of a sperm cell is the only functional flagellum in humans.
Term
Fluid-Phase Pinocytosis
Definition
A form of endocytosis in which the cell imbibes droplets of extracellular fluid without modifying its composition or concentration.
Term
Fusiform
Definition
Spindle-shaped; elongated, thick in the middle, and tapered at both ends, such as the shape of a smooth muscle cell or a muscle spindle.
Term
Dynein
Definition
A motor protein involved in the beating of cilia and flagella and in the movement of molecules and organelles within cells, as in retrograde transport in a nerve fiber.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Having a higher osmotic pressure than human cells or some other reference solution and tending to cause osmotic shrinkage of cells.
Term
Pseudopod
Definition
A temporary cytoplasmic extension of a cell used for locomotion and phagocytosis
Term
Receptor-Mediated Pinocytosis
Definition
A form of endocytosis in which certain molecules in the extracellular fluid bind to receptors in the plasma membrane, these receptors become gathered together, the membrane sinks inward at that point, and the molecules become incorporated into vesicles in the cytoplasm
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
The contents of a cell between its plasma membrane and its nuclear envelope, consisting of cytosol, organelles, inclusions, and the cytoskeleton
Term
Ameboid Movement
Definition
Movement of a cell by means of pseudopods, in a manner similar to that of an ameba; seen in leukocytes and some macrophages.
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
An organelle composed of several parallel cisternae, somewhat like a stack of saucers, that modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins and synthesizes carbohydrates.
Term
Golgi Vesicle
Definition
A membrane-bounded vesicle pinched from the Golgi Complex, containing its chemical product; may be retained in the cell as a lysosome or become a secretory vesicle that releases the product by exocytosis.
Term
Gate
Definition
A protein Channel in a unit membrane that can open or close in response to chemical or electrical stimuli, thus controlling when substances are allowed to pass through the membrane.
Term
Reticular Fiber
Definition
A fine, Branching collagen fiber coated with glycoprotein, found in the stroma of lymphatic organs and some other tissues and organs.
Term
Secondary-Active Transport
Definition
A mechanism in which solutes are moved through a plasma membrane by a carrier that does not itself use ATP but depends on a concentration gradient established by an active transport pump elsewhere in the cell. Also called cotrasport.
Term
Base
Definition
A chemical that binds protons from solution; a proton acceptor
Term
Intracellular fluid
Definition
The fluid contained in the cells; one of the major fluid compartments
Term
Bulk Transport
Definition
The movement of particles or fluid droplets through the plasma membrane by the process of endocytosis or exocytosis.
Term
Inclusion
Definition
Any visible object in the cytoplasm of a cell other than an organelle or cytoskeletal element; usually a foreign body or a stored cell product, such as a virus, dust particle, lipid droplet, glycogen granule, or pigment.
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
The process of transporting a chemical through a cellular membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a membrane carrier that does not consume ATP; enable substances to diffuse through the membrane that would do so poorly, or not at all, without a carrier
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