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| During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. (p. 888) |
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| Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. (p. 890) |
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| War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 890) |
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| Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990. (p. 890) |
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| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini |
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| Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 892) |
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| President of Iraq from 1979 until overthrown by an American-led invasion in 2003. Waged war on Iran from 1980 to1988. His invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was repulsed in the Persian Gulf War in 1991. (p. 893) |
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| Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 896) |
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| Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore—nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 896) |
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| newly industrialized economies (NIEs) |
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| Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. (p. 897) |
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| Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 897) |
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| Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. (p. 897) |
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| Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 898) |
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| policy of "openness that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union. (See also Gorbachev, Mikhail.) (p. 898) |
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| Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. (p. 899) |
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| Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. (p. 902) |
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| A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birthrates and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birthrate remains high, causing a population explosion; finally the birthrate drops and the population growth slows down. This transition took place in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, in North America and East Asia in the mid-twentieth, and, most recently, in Latin America and South Asia. (p. 902) |
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