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Chapter 3 Part 2
Cell Division and Protein Synthesis
25
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/01/2011

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Term
Cell Division Importance
Definition
Essential for body growth and tissue repair
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Nuclear Division
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
Division of the cytoplasm
Term
Phases of mitosis
Definition
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Term
Cytokinesis: Basics
Definition
Cleavage furrow formed in late anaphase by contractile ring. Cytoplasm is pinched into 2 parts after mitosis ends
Term
Early and Late Prophase: What happens?
Definition
Asters are seen as chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nucleoli disappear. Centriole pairs separate and the mitotic spindle is formed.
Term
Metaphase: What happens?
Definition
Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell with their centromeres aligned at the exact center, or equator, of the cell.
Term
Metaphase plate
Definition
Arrangement of chromosomes along a plane midway between the poles
Term
Anaphase: What happens?
Definition
Centromeres of the chromosomes split. Motor proteins in kinetochores pull chromosomes toward poles
Term
Telophase and cytokinesis: What happens?
Definition
New sets of chromosomes extend into chromatin. New nuclear membrane is formed from the rough ER. Nucleoli reappear. Generally cytokinesis completes cell division
Term
Controls of cell division
Definition
Surface-to-volume ratio of cells
Chemical signals such as growth factors and hormones. Contact inhibition. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) complexes. Disruption of histones and phosphorylation of other proteins
Term
Protein Synthesis: Basics
Definition
DNA serves as master blueprint for protein synthesis. Genes are segments of DNA carrying instructions for a polypeptide chian. Triplets of nucelotide bases form the genetic library. Each triplet specifies coding for an amino acid
Term
Role of mRNA
Definition
Carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in they cytoplasm
Term
Role of tRNA
Definition
bound to amino acids base pair with the codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin the process of protein synthesis
Term
Role of rRNA
Definition
a structural component of ribosomes
Term
Transcription
Definition
Transfer of information from the sense strand of DNA to RNA
Term
Role of transcription factor
Definition
Loosens histones from DNA in the area to be transcribed. Binds to promoter, a DNA sequence specifying the start site of RNA synthesis. Mediates the binding of RNA polymerase to promoter
Term
Role of RNA polymerase
Definition
Enzymes that oversees the synthesis of RNA. Unwinds the DNA template. Adds complementary ribonucleotide triphosphates on the DNA template. Joins these RNA nucleotides together. Encodes a terminate signal to stop transcription
Term
Initiation of Translation
Definition
Leader sequence of mRNA attaches to the small subunit of the ribosome. Methionine-charged initiator tRNA binds to the small subunit. Large ribosomal unit now binds to this complex forming a functional ribosome.
Term
Protein synthesis: Step 1
Definition
mRNA-ribosome complex is directed to the RER by the SRP (signal-recognition particle) binds to a receptor site
Term
Protein Synthesis: Step 2
Definition
Once attached to the RER the SRP (signal-recognition particle) is released and the growing polypeptide snakes through the ER membrane pore into the cisterna
Term
Protein Synthesis: Step 3
Definition
Signal sequence is clipped off by an enzyme. As protein synthesis continues sugar groups may be added to the protein
Term
Protein Synthesis: Step 4
Definition
Completed protein is released from the ribosome and folds into its 3-D conformation, a process aided by molecular chaperones
Term
Protein Synthesis: Step 5
Definition
This protein is enclosed with a protein-coated transport vesicle. The transport vesicles make their way to the Golgi apparatus where further processing of the protein occurs
Term
Information Transfer from DNA to RNA
Definition
DNA triplets are transcribed into mRNA codons by RNA polymerase. Codons base pair with tRNA anticodons at the ribosome. Amino acids are peptide bonded at the ribosomes to form polypeptide chains. Start and stop codons are used in initiating and ending translation
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