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Chapter 3 - Dayton School of Medical Massage
Chapter 3 - Dayton School of Medical Massage
97
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/29/2010

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Term
What are the 3 main function of the plasma membrane?
Definition
1. Forms a cell’s outer boundary 2.Separates the cell’s internal environment (inside) from its external environment (outside) 3. Regulates the flow of materials into and out of a cell maintaining the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities
Term
What is the cytoplasm of the cell?
Definition
All the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Term
What are the 2 subcomponents of the cytoplasm?
Definition
2 sub components: cytosol & organelles: 1. Cytosol - the fluid portion of cytoplasm mostly water plus dissolved solutes & suspended particles
Term
What is the largest organelle in the cell?
Definition
nucleus
Term
What are the two main functions of the nucleus?
Definition
1. Contains the genes that control cellular structure 2.Controls most cellular activities
Term
What are the components of the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
Definition
Made of three things 1.microfilaments 2. intermediate filaments and 3. microtubules. It functions to maintain shape and general organization of cellular contents responsible for cell movements.
Term
What is the function of the centriole?
Definition
This is the organizing center for microtubules and mitotic spindle.
Term
What is the function cilia and flagella and what are they made of?
Definition
cilia and flagella are both used to propel the cell through their environment. Both are made of microtubules.
Term
What is the function of ribosomes? What type of RNA are they composed of?
Definition
Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and are made of rRNA
Term
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what do each do?
Definition
1. rough ER and 2. smooth ER. Rough ER synthesizes proteins that have sugars attached to them (called glycoproteins) and are always exported from the cell. Rough ER has ribosomes attached to the outside and is found around the nucleus. Smooth ER is the site of fatty acid and steroid synthesis. Smooth ER also releases glucose intot the bloodstream, inactivates and detoxifies drugs and potentially harmful substances and stores and releases calcium ions for muscle contraction.
Term
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do?
Definition
Accepts proteins from the rough ER; forms glycoproteins and lipoproteins; stores, packages and exports proteins.
Term
What are lysosomes and what do they do?
Definition
The fuse with and digest contents of vesicles; digest worn out organelles (called autophagy) and the entire cell (called autolysis) and extracellular material. They are sometimes called suicide packets because they may release hydrolytic enzymes that lead to autolysis of the cell.
Term
What is the function of peroxisomes?
Definition
They detoxify harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide and associated free radicals
Term
What is a proteosome?
Definition
These degrade unneeded, damaged or faulty proteins by cutting them into small peptides
Term
What is a mitochondria and what is its function?
Definition
Mitochondria is the site of reactions that produce ATP; the cells currency and most important form of energy. It does this under aerobic cellular respiration (a type of catabolism that requires oxygen). Besides the nucleus, they are the only other organelle capable of self replication.
Term
What are the two main contents of the membrane?
Definition
Consists mostly of lipids (fats) and proteins arranged in a lipid bilayer (a double layer)
Term
What are the 3 types of fats found in the membrane? Which are the most and least common?
Definition
Made of 3 types of lipid molecules: 1. Phospholipids - (lipids & phosphorus) forms the lipid bilayer and is the most numerous component
Term
What are the 2 general types of proteins found in the membrane?
Definition
Made of 2 types of proteins: 1. Integral proteins - extend through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid tails (may allow water soluble molecules through) 2.Peripheral proteins - loosely attached to the surfaces of the membrane (often glycoproteins)
Term
What does it mean that the membrane is selectively permeable?
Definition
Selective permeability, allows some components to pass through but not others
Term
What types of molecules can passively diffuse through the membrane?
Definition
The lipid bilayer part is permeable to water and to nonpolar (lipid soluble) molecules, such as fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, steroids, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
Term
What types of molecules can not cross the membrane without the help of a protein?
Definition
It is not permeable to ions and large, uncharged polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids
Term
How do molecules that do not cross the membrane via passive diffusion get into the cell?
Definition
Water-soluble materials may cross the membrane with the help of integral proteins
Term
What types of things can integral membrane proteins do?
Definition
Integral proteins form receptors and ion channels (ions such as potassium can move into and out of cells). They can also function as enzymes or as carriers (transporters) that move things across the cell membrane.
Term
What are the 2 general ways that molecules can cross the membrane?
Definition
1. passively and 2. actively (it requires ATP)
Term
What are the 4 types of passive transport?
Definition
1. simple diffusion 2. osmosis 3. facilitated diffusion and 4. filtration
Term
What are the 2 types of transport that require ATP?
Definition
1. active transport and bulk transport (like pinocytosis, phagocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis)
Term
What are the 3 main characteristics of passive diffusion (this includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and filtration)?
Definition
1.A substance moves due to it’s kinetic energy 2.A particular substance moves from a high to a low concentration, down their concentration gradient 3.Eventually equilibrium (uniform mixture) is reached
Term
Define simple diffusion?
Definition
Simple diffusion, substances diffuse across a membrane through the lipid bilayer
Term
Define facilitated diffusion?
Definition
Facilitated diffusion, an integral membrane protein binds a specific substance to move it across the membrane
Term
What is osmosis?
Definition
A passive process with net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Term
In what direction does water move into and out of the cell?
Definition
Water moves by osmosis from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower water concentration Or from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
Term
What is osmotic pressure? What determines it's magnitude?
Definition
A solution containing solute particles that cannot pass through a membrane exerts a pressure on it called osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure of a solution depends on the concentration of its solute particles (the higher the solute concentration, the higher the solution’s osmotic pressure)
Term
What is an isotonic solution? give an example?
Definition
The osmotic pressure of cytosol and interstitial fluid is the same, so the cell volume remains constant. This is an isotonic (same tone) solution
Term
What is a hypotonic solution?
Definition
A hypotonic solution - a lower concentration of solutes (or higher concentration of water) than does the cytosol inside cells
Term
What is a hypertonic solution?
Definition
A hypertonic solution - a higher concentration of solutes (or lower concentration of water) than does the cytosol inside cells
Term
What causes red blood cells to crenate?
Definition
Being placed in a hypertonic solution; the water inside a red blood cell will leave the cell and cause the cell to shrivle or crenate.
Term
What is filtration?
Definition
Filtration is when water and solutes are forced through the membrane by hydrostatic pressure (the pressure of the fluid moving through a finite space)
Term
What drives filtration into or out of a space?
Definition
Requires a pressure gradient of high to low
Term
Why would a particle not be filtered out of the blood (in other words, what is the selectivity factor for filtration)?
Definition
Size of the particles is a limiting factor
Term
Where does filtration take place in the body?
Definition
the nephron of the kidney to filter the blood
Term
When is active transport used by a cell instead of passive transport?
Definition
Used to move large lipid insoluble molecules against their gradient. Also known as solute pumping
Term
Besides ATP, what else is required for active transport?
Definition
Requires carrier proteins that are specific to the substance needed to cross the membrane
Term
What is the most important active transporter used by cells? How does it work?
Definition
Expels sodium ions (Na) from cells and brings in potassium ions (K). The pump protein also acts as an enzyme to split ATP. Maintains a low sodium ion concentration in the cytosol. Works continuously since the ions slowly diffuse back with the concentration gradient
Term
Describe the 4 main steps involved in transport that the sodium/potassium pump goes through?
Definition
1) 3 sodium ions (Na) in the cytosol bind the pump protein 2) Na binding triggers the splitting of ATP into ADP +P, which also attaches to the pump protein. Changing the shape of the pump protein. This expels the 3 Na into the extracellular fluid (ECF). The changed shape of the pump protein then favors binding 2 potassium ions (K) in the ECF to the pump protein 3) The binding of K causes the pump protein to release the P group, which causes the pump protein to return to its original shape 4) Changing shape releases 2 K into the cytosol. Now, the pump is ready again to bind Na, and the cycle repeats
Term
Define exocytosis and endocytosis?
Definition
1) Exocytosis – secretion or excretion of materials out of the cell 2) Endocytosis – the cell engulfs or forms vesicles around materials
Term
What are the 3 types of endocytosis?Describe each.
Definition
3 types of Endocytosis: 1. Pinocytosis – “cell drinking” 2. Phagocytosis – “cell eating” (done by macrophages and neutrophils... more on these later) 3. Receptor Mediated – binding to the membrane & “pits” are formed
Term
What are the two main types of cells that can carry out phagocytosis?
Definition
1. Macrohpages – responsible for most of the phagocytosis that goes on in the cell 2. Neutrophils – these are the first cells that are localized to the site of infection and are required for remove pathogens
Term
What is the cytoplasm?
Definition
Cytoplasm - all of the cellular contents from the plasma membrane & the nucleus, including both cytosol & organelles
Term
What is the cytosol? What is it composed of? What happens there?
Definition
Cytosol - 75% to 90% water plus dissolved solutes & suspended particles. The site of many of the chemical reactions to maintain cell structures and growth.
Term
What are the 3 cytoskeleton components?
Definition
1. microfilaments 2. intermediate filaments and 3. microtubules
Term
What are microfilaments?
Definition
Microfilaments – anchoring support & movement (i.e. In the contraction of skeletal muscle)
Term
What are intermediate filaments?
Definition
Intermediate filaments – flexible anchors holding cell components in place
Term
What are microtubules?
Definition
Microtubules – cell structure & movement of cell vesicles, cilia and flagella (e.g., centrosome) (also, cilia contain a core of microtubules)
Term
What is the most numerous organelle in the cell?
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
What are the two components of the ribosome?
Definition
Small and large subunits
Term
What are the two types of ribosomes? Describe each?
Definition
1) Membrane bound Ribosomes - Bound to the Endoplasmic rough Reticulum Site of protein synthesis (proteins destined to be on the outer cell surface or excreted) 2) Free ribosomes make soluble proteins for use in the cytoplasm
Term
What is the endoplasmic reticulum? What are the two types?
Definition
Network of folded membranes in the form of flattened tubules 2 forms: Rough and Smooth ER
Term
What is the function of the rough ER?
Definition
Rough ER: synthesizes glycoproteins & phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane or secreted during exocytosis
Term
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Definition
Smooth ER: synthesizes fatty acids and steroids (e.g., estrogens, testosterone) Inactivates or detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances. Removes the phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate & stores
Term
What is autolysis and what organelle does this?
Definition
During programmed cell death, lysosomes will rupture their membrane and all the hydrolytic enzymes will digest the contents of the cell (called autolysis)
Term
What is autophagy?
Definition
Autophagy is the normal recycling of worn out organelles where their components are recycled
Term
How many membranes does a mitochondria have? Describe each.
Definition
Sausage shaped structure with folds smooth outer folds and rougher inner folds called cristae which increase the surface area for chemical reactions. Mitochondria have a double membrane
Term
Where are mitochondria often found?
Definition
Found in areas with high energy requirements E.g., Muscle
Term
Can mitochondria replicate themselves? Do they contain genetic information?
Definition
Self replicating & contain both DNA & RNA
Term
What are the three main things in the nucleus?
Definition
Consists of nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores and chromatin (chromosomes) the genetic material. Also contain nucleolus that produces ribosomes (rRNA).
Term
How many chromosomes do humans have?
Definition
Human somatic (body) cells have 46 chromosomes, 23 inherited from each parent (known as a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes.
Term
Define what a genome is?
Definition
The total genetic information carried in a cell or organism is called its genome.
Term
How is a protein made from DNA?
Definition
To synthesize a protein, the information contained in a specific region of DNA is first transcribed (copied from DNA into RNA). The RNA then attaches to a ribosome, where the information contained in the RNA is translated into a corresponding specific sequence of amino acids to form a new protein molecule.
Term
What is a codon?
Definition
The 3 RNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid are called a codon (or base triplet)
Term
What is protein a polymer of?
Definition
Amino acids
Term
What enzyme catalyzes RNA synthesis?
Definition
Transcription of DNA is catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase
Term
What is a promoter? Where is it found?
Definition
The segment of DNA where RNA polymerase attaches to it is a special sequence of nucleotides called a promoter. Located near the beginning of a gene to start the process
Term
What are the 3 kinds of RNA? describe each.
Definition
Three kinds of RNA are made from DNA: 1 Messenger RNA (mRNA) directs synthesis of a protein in the cytoplasm 2 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes in the nucleolus 3 Transfer RNA (tRNA) binds to an amino acid holding it in the cytoplasm
Term
What is complimentary base pairing?
Definition
Cytosine (C) pairs with the base guanine (G) and uracil (U) pairs with the base adenine (A) in DNA
Term
What is a terminator?
Definition
Transcription of DNA ends at another special nucleotide sequence on DNA called a terminator, which specifies the end of the gene
Term
What is translation?
Definition
Translation is the process in which mRNA associates with ribosomes and synthesizing a protein by converting the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids.
Term
What are the 5 steps of translation?
Definition
1) The large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small subunit, creating a functional ribosome. The initiator tRNA fits into position on the ribosome. One end of a tRNA carries a specific amino acid, & the opposite end consists of a triplet of nucleotides called an anticodon 2) By pairing between complementary nitrogenous bases, the tRNA anticodon attaches to the mRNA codon E.g., if the mRNA codon is AUG, then a tRNA with the anticodon UAC would attach to it 3) A peptide bond is formed between the amino acids carried by the initiator tRNA and the tRNA next to it 4) After the peptide bond forms, the empty tRNA detaches from the ribosome, and the ribosome shifts the mRNA strand by one codon. As the tRNA bearing the newly forming protein shifts, another tRNA with its amino acid binds to a newly exposed codon. 5) Protein synthesis ends when the ribosome reaches a stop codon, at which time the completed protein detaches from the final tRNA. When the tRNA vacates the ribosome, theribosome splits into its large and small subunits
Term
What is cell division? What is it also called?
Definition
Cell division is also called mitosis (2 identical daughter cells are formed from the original mother cell; 46 chromosomes in each cell – known as a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes)
Term
What is reproductive cell division?
Definition
Reproductive cell division is meiosis resulting in gametes (cells divide to produce 4 cells with half of the genetic material as the original cell i.e., eggs or sperm – also known as gametes or sex cells). This is also where genetic recombination and crossing over occurs.
Term
What are the two main phases of the cell cycle?
Definition
The Cell cycle is composed of 2 main phases: 1) Interphase (Growth) phase 2) Mitotic (Dividing) Phase
Term
What 3 main things happen during interphase?
Definition
1.The cell replicates its DNA 2.It manufactures organelles and cytosolic components, such as centrosomes 3. Interphase is a state of high metabolic activity, and during this time the cell does most of its growing
Term
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Definition
1. prophase 2. metaphase 3.anaphase and 4.telophase
Term
What is prophase?
Definition
Prophase – chromatid pairs form and collect around the metaphase plate of the cell
Term
What is metaphase?
Definition
Metaphase – chromatid pairs line up at the plate
Term
What is anaphase?
Definition
Anaphase – chromatids that have separated move to opposite ends of the poles
Term
What is telophase?
Definition
Telophase – final stage where the nuclear envelope reforms
Term
What is cytokinesis?
Definition
Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm into 2 cells
Term
What are the 4 things that cause aging to occur?
Definition
1. Gradual deterioration in function and reduced capacity to respond to environment 2. The turning on of an “aging gene” at a pre-programmed time 3. Alteration of cells by free radicals and or cross links formed by glucose 4. Gradual deterioration of the ends of chromosomes called telomeres
Term
What is necrosis?
Definition
Necrosis – Premature death of tissue caused by some external factor.
Term
What is apoptosis?
Definition
Apoptosis – programmed cell death that happens as the nature cycle of cells.
Term
What is metastasis?
Definition
Cancer cells that move from one site to another are known as metastasis
Term
What are malignant tumors?
Definition
Malignant tumors are ones that tend to cause the worst form of the disease and often result in death; this is especially true of malignant cancer
Term
What are benign tumors?
Definition
A benign tumor is a tumor that lacks all three of the malignant properties of a cancer. Thus, by definition, a benign tumor does not grow in an unlimited, aggressive manner, does not invade surrounding tissues, and does not metastasize.
Term
What is leukemia?
Definition
Leukemia – this is a cancer of blood – forming organs that is characterized by abnormally developed white blood cells
Term
What is carcinoma?
Definition
Carcinoma – is the general term for a malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
Term
What is melanoma?
Definition
Melanoma – Tumor of melanocytes (the pigment producing cells of the skin)
Term
What is sarcoma?
Definition
Sarcoma – is the cancer of connective tissue (bone, cartilage and fat)
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