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Chapter 3 and 4 Sobat
Chapter 3 and 4 Sobat
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/09/2011

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Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
material between plasma membrane and the nucleus
Term
Cytosol
Definition
largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes
Term
cytoplasmic organelles
Definition
specialized cellular compartments including mitochondria, ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Smooth ER, Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and Lysosomes... largely considered the metabolic machinery of the cell
Term
Cell or Plasma membrane
Definition
membrane consisting of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents
Term
Nucleus
Definition
control center of a cell, contains genetic material
Term
peripheral proteins
Definition
Not embedded in the lipid bilayer
Term
Integral protein
Definition
proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
non membranous granules that contain protein and rRNA, protein synthesis can not take place with out these
Term
Smooth ER
Definition

tubules in a looping network that catalyzes reactions

site of lipid and steroid (cholesterol) synthesis

contains no ribosomes

Term
Rough ER
Definition

external surface studded with ribosomes that manufactures all secreted proteins

bind proteins in vesicles for transport to other sites

Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
stacked and flattened membranous sacs that modifies, concentrates, and packaging of proteins
Term
Lysosome
Definition
Spherical membranous bags that contain digestive enzymes; they digest nonfunctional ogranelles, bacteria, viruses, and toxins
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
powerhouse of the cell, create energy, produces energy for our body, double membrane structure with shelf like cristae
Term
Peroxisome
Definition
membraous sacs that detoxify harmful or toxic substances
Term
cilia
Definition
whiplike, motile cellular extensions on exposed surfaces of certain cells; respiratory tract and female uterine tract
Term
Flagella
Definition
tail like substance only found on sperm cells
Term
Microfilaments
Definition

dynamic strands of protein actin that brace and strengthen the cell surface

appear as twisted brands of spheres

Term
microtubules
Definition
tubulins come in pairs to form dynamic hollow tubes made of spherical tubulin; determine the overall shape and distribution of organelles
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
permeable double membrane separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm; regulates transport in and out of the nucleus
Term
Nucleur pore
Definition
opening in the nucleur envelope that regulates entry and exit of large particles
Term
Nucleosomes
Definition
fundamental units of Chromatin
Term
Chromatin
Definition
threadlike strands of DNA and histones found in the nucleus
Term
Transport that requires ATP
Definition
Active Transport
Term
Diffusion
Definition
molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Term
Osmosis
Definition
movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane in order to equalize the solute concentration on both sides
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
substance binds to protein carriers or is in a water filled protein channel that transport it across the membrane
Term
Active transport
Definition
movement from low to high concentration by means of ATP
Term
Isotonic
Definition
solution concentration is the same as as the cell; cell retains shape and do not lose or gain water
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
solution have a higher concentration of solutes; cell lose water and shrink
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
solution contain a lower concentration of solutes than the cell; cell grow as water rushes into them
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
the cell ingests small patches of the plasma membrane and move them from the exterior to the interior
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
eject substances from the cell interior to the cell exterior
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
form of endocytosis where the cell surrounds a small volume of extracellular fluid containing dissolved molecules
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
form of endocytosis where the cell engulfs a large or solid material
Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition
single layer of flattened pancake like cell layer
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
single layer of cube like cells
Term
Simple columnar epithelium
Definition
single layer of tall column like cells
Term
Pseudostratified epithelium
Definition
single layer of cells that vary in height, with the tallest reaching the free surface, usually columnar
Term
Stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
many layers of flattened pancake like cells
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition
many layers of cube like cells
Term
stratified columnar epithelium
Definition
many layers of tall column like cells
Term
Transitional epithelium
Definition
many layers of cells that vary in height
Term
Exocrine
Definition
secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
Term
Endocrine
Definition
secrete their products into the blood
Term
Simple glands
Definition
ducts have no branches off branches
Term
compound glands
Definition
ducts have branches that have branches
Term
tubular
Definition
cells form tubes
Term
alveolar
Definition
cells form sac like ducts
Term
vesicle
Definition
protein coated membranous sac that encloses substances to be removed from the cell
Term
tissues
Definition
groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
Term
Four tissues of the body
Definition
Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial, and Connective
Term
Characteristics of Epithelium
Definition

Polar (Apical free surface and Basal attached surface)

Specialized Contacts (close fitting sheets)

Supported by Connective tissue

Avascular(no blood vessels)Innervated(has nerve endings)

Regeneration (repairs itself)

 

Term
Connective Tissue
Definition

derive from mesenchyme

Varied degrees of Vascularity (none, some, and rich)

mainly extracellular matrix

Term
Adipose Connective Tissue
Definition

Located under skin in the hypodermis

around kidneys, eyeballs, in abdomen, in breasts

provides reserve food fuel and insulates

supports and protects organs

nucleus is pushed to the side by large xxxxx droplets

 

Term
loose connective tissue
Definition

Located under epithelia

packages organs and surrounds capillaries

wraps and cushions organs

plays important role in inflammation

gel like matrix with all 3 fiber types

 

Term
reticular connective tissue
Definition

Located in Lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

supports other cell types: white blood, mast, and macrophages

is a network of fibers in a loose ground substance

Term
dense connective tissue
Definition

located in tendons and most ligaments

attaches muscles to bones or to muscles

withstands great stretching points

primarily parallel collagen fibers

mainly fibroblasts

Term
Elastic connective tissue
Definition

located in walls of large arteries and broncial tubes and ligaments in vertebral column

allows recoil of tissue following stretching

maintains flow of blood and oxygen after inspiration

dense regular connective tissue containing high amounts of elastic fibers

 

Term
Cartilage
Definition

with stands tension and compression

lacks nerve fibers and is avascular

formed from chondroblasts

Term
Bone
Definition

support and protect

provides levers for muscles to act on

stores calcium and other minerals

blood cells form within them

hard, calcified matrix containing high amounts of collagen

very vascular

Term
Blood
Definition

contained within blood vessels

transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

Term
Skeletal Tissue
Definition

attaches to bones

help with voluntary movement, locomotion, facial expression, and voluntary control

long cylindrical, multinucleur cells with striations

Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition

located in the walls of the heart

propels blood into circulation

involuntary

branching, striated, single nucleus

Term
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Definition

Found mostly in the walls of hollow organs

propels substances or objects (food, urine, baby) along internal passageways

involuntary

spindle shaped cells with a central nucleus

no striations

Term
free radicals
Definition
highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of biological molecules
Term
Interphase
Definition

period from cell formation to cell division

growth phase

Term
phases of Mitosis
Definition

PMAT

Prophase

metaphase

Anaphase

Telphase

Term
metaphase
Definition

second phase of mitosis

chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell

Term
prophase
Definition

first phase of mitosis

starting to separate from one into separate chromosomes

Term
Anaphase
Definition

third phase of mitosis

chromosomes are in v shape

centromeres lead the way and the arms dangle behind

Term
Telephase
Definition

final phase of mitosis

two separate cells are now forming

Term
Messenger RNA
Definition
long nucleotide strands resembling half DNA molecules
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