Term
| This layer of the OSI model defines hardware connetions and turns binary into physical pulses (electrical or light). Repeaters and hubs operate at this layer. |
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| This layer of the OSI model identifies devices on the Physical Layer. MAC address are part of this layer. Bridges operate as well on this layer. |
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| This layer of the OSI model moves packets between computers on different networks. Routers operate at this layer. IP and IPX operate at this layer as well. |
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| This layer of the OSI model breaks data down into manageble chunks. TCP, UDP, SPX, and NetBEUI operate at this layer. |
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| This layer of the OSI model manages connections between machines. NetBIOS and Sockets operate at this layer. |
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| This layer of the OSI model manages data encryption, hides the differences among various types of computer systems. |
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This layer of the of the OSI model provides tools for programs to use to access the network (and the lower layers). HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and POP3 are all
examples of protocols that operate at this level. |
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