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An arc of farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea

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a plain that faced the Mediterranean Sea

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a city that functions as an independent country

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A series of families in which authority or royalty is passed down

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process in which a new idea or product spreads from culture to culture

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the belief in more than one god

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an empire brings together several people, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler

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the ruler of the Babylonian Empire from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C.

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a marshy region formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of the river

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the king of Egypt that unified Lower and Upper Egypt

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Egyptian god-kings

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government that is based on religious authority

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embalming and drying of a corpse to prevent it from decaying

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writing system in which a picture stood for an idea

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writing surface that is similar to paper

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large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent

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an immense structure that acted as the kings resting place after death

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a wind that shifts direction at certain times in a year

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the Indus Valley civilizatoin that arose along the Indus River, possible as early as 7000 B.C.; characterized by sophisticated city planning

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fertile soil

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one of the animal bones or tortoise shells used by the Chinese priests to communicate with the gods.

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the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority

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rise, decline, and development of dynasties

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political system in which nobles, or lords, are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king