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| Energy of position, stored (inactive) energy |
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| Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Radiant or Electromagnetic |
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| Stored in the bonds of chemical substances |
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| Results from the movement of charged particles |
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| directly involved in moving matter |
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| Radiant/Electromagnetic Energy |
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| energy traveling in waves |
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| Unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means |
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| More or less identical building blocks for each element |
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| One or 2 letter chemical shorthand for each element |
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Physical properties: Detected with our senses
Chemical properties: Pertain to the way atoms interact with one another |
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| Major Elements of the Human Body |
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| Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen |
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| Lesser and Trace Elements of the Human Body |
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| Calcium, Phosphorus, Pottassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iodine, and Iron |
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| the compounds or elements atomic or molecular weight in grams |
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| Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Major function is to suplly a source of cellular food |
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| Glucoe, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, Ribose |
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| Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose |
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| Contain C, H, and O, but the proportion of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates |
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| Neutral fats or tryglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicosanoids |
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| Neutral Fats (Tryglycerides) |
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| Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule |
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| Modified tryglycerides with two fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group |
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| Flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings. Lipid |
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| 20-carbon fatty acids found in cell membranes. Lipid |
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| Representative Lipids Found in the Body |
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| Netural Fats, Phospholipids, Steriods, Fat-soluble vitamins, Eicosanoids, Lipoproteins |
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| Neutral Fats, found where? |
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| Found in subcutaneous tissue and around organs |
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| Phospholipids, found where? |
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| Chief component of cell membranes |
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| Cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, sex hormones, and adrenal corticol hormones |
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| Fat soluble vitamins, what are they? |
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| Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes |
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| Lipoproteins, what are they? |
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| transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the blood stream |
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| Building blocks of proteins, contain an amino group and a carboxyl group |
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| Macromolecules composed of combinations of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds |
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| Structural Levels of Proteins |
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| Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary |
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| Primary Structure Level of Protein |
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| Secondary Structure Level of Protein |
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| Alpha helices or beta pleated sheets |
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| Tertiary Structure Level of Protein |
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| Superimposed folding of secondary structures |
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| Quaternary Structure Level of Protein |
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| Polypeptide chains linked together in a specific manner |
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| Extended and strand like proteins |
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| Compact, spherical proteins with tertiary and quaternary structures |
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| Keratin, elastin, collagen, certain contractile fibers |
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| Globular Protein Examples |
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| Antibodies, hormones, and enzymes |
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| Protein Denaturation: What causes it? |
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| Irreversible unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH and/or increased temperature |
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| Molecular Chaperones (Chaperonins) |
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| Help other proteins to achieve their functional 3-dimensional shape. Maintain folding integrity, assist in translocation of proteins across membrane, promote the breakdown of damage or denatured proteins |
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| Characteristics of Enzymes |
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| Most are globular proteins that act as catalysts. Holoenzymes consist of an apoenzyme (protein) and a cofactor (usually an ion). Enzymes are chemically specific? |
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| How are enzymes frequently named? |
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| Frequently named for the type of reaction they catalyze |
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| How do enzyme names usually end? |
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| They lower the activation energy of the reaction |
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| Mechanism of Enzyme Actions |
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| Enzyme binds with substrate, product is formed at lower activation energy, product is released |
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| Composed of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. |
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| Nucleotide, what is it and what is it made up of? |
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| Structural Unit of Nucleic Acids. Composed of N-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
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| Five nitrogen cased contribute to nucleotide structure, what are they? |
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| Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil |
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| Two major classes of Nucleic Acids |
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| Double stranded helical molecule found in the nucleus of the cell. Replicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic continuity. Provides instructions for protein synthesis |
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| Single stranded molecule found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a cell. Uses the nitrogenous base uracil instead of thymine. |
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| Messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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| SOurce of immediately usable energy for the cell. Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with three phosphate groups. |
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