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Chapter 2
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology; 10th edition by Marieb
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/17/2015

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Term
Matter
Definition
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Term
Energy
Definition
The ability to do work or put matter into motion
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
The energy of moving objects/motion
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
Inactive or stored energy
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
Energy that is stored in the bonds of chemical substances
Term
Electrical Energy
Definition
Energy that is the result of charged particles
Term
Mechanical Energy
Definition
Energy that is directly involved in moving matter
Term
Radiant Energy
Definition
Energy that travels in waves; energy of the electromagnetic spectrum
Term
Elements
Definition
Unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances or chemically interconverted
Term
Neutrons
Definition
Neutral/no charge; subatomic particles that reside in the nucleus of atoms
Term
Protons
Definition
Positively charged subatomic particles that reside in the nucleus of atoms
Term
Electrons
Definition
Negativel charged subatomic particles that reside in orbitals surrouding the nucleus of atoms
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
The number of protons that an element's atoms contain
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
Sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in an atom's nucleus
Term
Isotopes
Definition
Contain the same number of protons and electrons, but differ in the number of neutrons
Term
Atomic Weight
Definition
Approximately equal to the mass number of an atom's most abundant isotope
Term
Radioisotopes
Definition
Unstable isotopes that decompose to become more stable
Term
Radioactivity
Definition
The process of spontaneous atomic decay
Term
Molecules
Definition
Two or more atoms of the same element that are chemically combined
Term
Compound
Definition
Two or more atoms of different elements that are chemically combined
Term
Chemical Reactions
Definition
The bonding or dissociating of atoms
Term
Electron shells
Definition
Generally fixed regions of space around the nucleus of an atom where electrons reside (max-7)
Term
Valence shell
Definition
The atom's outermost electron shell; electrons in this shell determine the chemical behavior/bonding of the atom
Term
Ionic bonds
Definition
When electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
Term
Covalent bonds
Definition
When electrons are shared between two atoms; if shared unequally is a polar molecule
Term
Hydrogen bonds
Definition
Weak bonds formed when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded with another atom is attracted to other covalently bonded atoms
Term
Synthesis reactions
Definition
When two or more atoms combine to form a larger, more complex molecule; energy-absorbing
Term
Decomposition reactions
Definition
When a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions; energy-releasing
Term
Exchange reactions
Definition
Bonds are both made and broken
Term
Ions
Definition
Atoms that have lost/gained an electron, thereby gaining an electrical charge
Term
Anions
Definition
Negatively charged ions (more electrons)
Term
Cations
Definition
Positively charged ions (less electrons)
Term
Salts
Definition
Ionic compounds NOT including H+ or OH-
Term
Inorganic compounds
Definition
Tend to lack carbon and be small, simple molecules
Term
Organic compounds
Definition
Carbon-containing compounds, tend to be large covalently bonded molecules
Term
Intramolecular bonds
Definition
When different parts of the same molecule are bonded together in a unique 3-dimensional shape
Term
Essential properties of Water
Definition
High heat capacity, polarity/solvent properties, chemical reactivity, cushioning
Term
Solvent
Definition
A liquid or gas in which solutes can be dissolved or suspended
Term
Solution
Definition
Mixtures in which solute particles are tiny
Term
Suspension
Definition
Mixtures in which solute particles are fairly large
Term
Colloid
Definition
Translucent mixtures with solute particles of intermediate size
Term
Hydrolysis reactions
Definition
When water molecules assist in the break down of larger molecules
Term
Reactant
Definition
a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
Substances that conduct an electrical current in solution
Term
Acids
Definition
A substance that can release hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts (and anions); proton donors (A<7)
Term
Bases
Definition
A substance that can release hydroxyl ions (OH-) in detectable amounts (and cations); proton acceptors (Also bicarbonate ion: HCO3-) (B>7)
Term
Neutralization reaction
Definition
When acids and bases react to form water and salts
Term
pH
Definition
Measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution-each step represents 10X increase in H+ (1 being most concentrated)
Term
Buffers
Definition
regulate pH balance
Term
Functional groups
Definition
The reactive parts of organic molecules
Term
Polymers
Definition
Chain-like molecules made of many similar/repeating units
Term
Dehydration synthesis
Definition
When a hydrogen atom and hydroxyl group are removed from two monomers; water molecule released (opposite of hydrolysis)
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in ratios of 2H per 1O
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Simple sugars; single chain/ring structure with 3-7 carbon atoms (EX: Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, galactose)
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
2 covalently bonded monosaccharides; (Ex: Sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Long, branching chains of simple sugars; insoluble storage products (Ex: starch, glycogen)
Term
Lipids
Definition
Contain C, H, O atoms with Carbon and Hydrogen far outnumbering Oxygen; insoluble in water
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
Composed of 3 fatty acids per 1 glycerol molecule
Term
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
Definition
Saturated: Solids at room temperature-straight fatty acid chains.
Unsaturated: Liquids with kinks in fatty acid chains
Term
Trans fats
Definition
Solidified oils due to the addition of hydrogen atoms
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Similar to triglycerides but have phosphorous group and 2 fatty acid chains
Term
Steroids
Definition
Flat molecules formed of four interlocking rings (Ex: Cholesterol)
Term
Amino acids
Definition
Building blocks of proteins; contain amine group (NH2) with basic properties and acid group (COOH) (R-groups-uniqueness)
Term
Polypeptides
Definition
Amino acid chains containing fewer than 50 amino acids
Term
Proteins
Definition
Consist of amino acid chains ranging from 50-thousands of amino acids
Term
Primary Structure (Protein)
Definition
The unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
Term
Secondary Structure
Definition
Alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheet; reinforced by hydrogen bonds
Term
Tertiary Structure (Protein)
Definition
Three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide/protein; reinforced by chemical bonds between R-groups
Term
Quaternary Structure (Protein)
Definition
2 or more polypeptide chains
Term
Alpha-helix
Definition
Coiled amino acid chain; stabilized by H bonds, which link diff parts of same chain together
Term
Beta-pleated sheet
Definition
Primary polypeptide chains are linked by H bonds in pleated ribbon-like sheet; diff chains or diff parts of same chain may link together
Term
Fibrous proteins
Definition
Structural proteins; important in binding structures together and providing strength (Ex: collagen, keratin)
Term
Globular proteins
Definition
Functional proteins; Tertiary or quaternary structure and water-soluble; play crucial roles in bio processes
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Functional proteins that act as biological catalysts; named with -ase suffix
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed
Term
Substrates
Definition
Reacting molecules in a chemical reaction
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
Compose genes, which dictate protein composition; composed of P-O-N-C-H
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
Building blocks of nucleic acids, contain N-base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
Term
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Definition
Genetic material found in cell nuclei; provides instructions for protein creation; composed of AGCT bases
Term
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Definition
Carries out orders for protein synthesis; composed of AGCU bases
Term
Nitrogen-bases
Definition
A-adenine
G-guanine
C-cytosine
T-thymine
U-uracil
Term
Messenger RNA
Definition
Carries the info for building proteins from DNA to ribosomes
Term
Ribosomal RNA
Definition
Forms part of ribosomes; oversees translation and binding of amino acids
Term
Transfer RNA
Definition
Ferries amino acids to ribosome
Term
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
Provides a form of chemical energy that all body cells can use
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