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Chapter 28
Descent into the Abyss: WWI and the Crisis of the European Global Order
18
History
10th Grade
02/25/2014

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Term
page 662

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

(1863-1914)
Definition
Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started WWI.

Significance: -assassination precipitated events that led to first World War

Analyze: -assassinated by a Serbian, therefore A.H. felt it could declare war on the troubled nation
-other nations were affected due to alliances
Term
page 663

Western Front
Definition
Front established in WWI; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.

Significance: -major battleground of WWI due to geographic location
-staggering levels of death occurred here

Analyze: -Germany initially hoped to annex France by passing through Belgium, but the Triple Entente worked to counteract that intention
Term
page 665

Nicholas II

(r. 1894-1917)
Definition
Forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917.

Significance: -his army was consistently defeated by German forces
-social unrest grew due to oppressive reforms and resistance to constitutional government

Analyze: -lack of industrial technology in Russia
-conservatism of tsar proved detrimental
Term
page 667

Gallipolli
Definition
Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during WWI.

Significance: -site where Turks defeated Australian and New Zealand allies of Britain

Analyze: -lack of military technology due to years of oppression and being a colonial holding
Term
page 668

Armenian genocide
Definition
Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and Middle East.

Significance: -example of extreme ethnic and religious prejudice

Analyze: -Young Turks leaders embarrassed by defeats on Russian front due to poor planning; used Christian Armenians as scapegoat
Term
page 669

Eastern Front
Definition
Most mobile of fronts established during WWI; after early successes; military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia.

Significance: -numerous defeats led to end of tsarist government
- -used to fend off Russians while Western Front soldiers attempted to reach France

Analyze: -lack of technology, social upheaval, poor governance
Term
page 669

Adolf Hitler
Definition
Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to suicide 1945; created strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leader to WWII; responsible for genocide of European Jews.

Significance: -ruthless leader of Germany who consolidated position through centralized gov't
-convinced German people their nation had been betrayed by socialist and Jewish politicians

Analyze: -period of turmoil following WWI made populace easier to manipulate and rally
Term
page 670

self-determination
Definition
Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not.

Significance: -suggested by Wilson as a means through which new nations could define their autonomy

Analyze: -really only meant to apply to white ethnic groups in Europe, which had recently been dropped from the defunct Austro-Hungarian empire
Term
page 671

League of Nations
Definition
International diplomatic and peace org. created in Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI; one of the chief goals of President Wilson in the peace negotiations; US was never a member.

Significance: -formed to ensure war would not break out again
-despite role in forming league, US was not a member

Analyze: -no one wanted to witness another World War
-isolationism was growing to be popular in US
Term
page 673

National Congress Party
Definition
Grew out of regional associations of Western-Educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.

Significance: -led Indians to independence

Analyze: -acted as representatives of educated Indians but concern over British oppression and racism spurred new waves of nationalism and social movements
Term
page 674

B.G. Tilak

(1856-1920)
Definition
Believed that nationalism in India should be based on Hindu beliefs; worked to promote restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement.
Significance: -stressed revival of HIndu tradition and rejected education or rights for women
-grew more radical as time passed; condoned violent revolution
Analyze: -believed that, because they composed the majority of the population, Hindus and their culture should form the basis of nationalism
Term
page 675

Morley-Minto Reforms
Definition
Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils.

Significance: -gave educated Indians more chances to represent fellow civilians in legislative councils

Analyze: -result of Indian advocation of peaceful, constitutionalist path to decolonization and acquiescence of British
Term
page 675

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms
Definition
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies w/ substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919.

Significance: -gave more governing power to native Indian legislators

Analyze: -Britain was supposedly honoring wartime promises of Indian independence, but these reforms were later counteracted by the Rowlatt Act
Term
page 675

Rowlatt Act
Definition
Placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of press; acted to offset concessions granted under Montagu-Chelsmford reforms of 1919.

Significance: -diminished civil rights of Indian people, such as freedom of press; generated local protest

Analyze: -meant to offset liberties granted by Montagu-Chelmsford reforms
Term
page 675

Mohandas Gandhi

(1869-1948)
Definition
Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British empire after WWI; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.

Significance: -led mass movements of nonviolent protest against oppressive laws of British Empire

Analyze: -result of anger over decades of British maltreatment and desire to gain civil liberties and eventual independent from colonial rule
Term
page 676

satyagraha

[suh-TYAH-grah-huh]
Definition
Literally, "truth-force"; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout colonized world and USA.

Significance: -extremely influential method of protest

Analyze: -offered possibility of positive reforms without injury and criminality of violent protest
Term
page 676

Lord Cromer

(1841-1917)
Definition
British proconsul in khedival Egypt from 1883-1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate debts of khedival regime.

Significance: -reduced (but could not completely get rid of) debts of khedival regime
-responsible for construction of public works at a high cost

Analyze: -ineptitude of khedival leaders and decades of unbalanced checkbooks
-works could only be enjoyed by a fraction of the population, while the majority suffered from the repercussions of expensive projects
Term
page 677

Effendi
Definition
Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.

Significance: -members of small but growing middle class who, more often than not, supported Egyptian independence

Analyze: -awareness of problems of general population, as well as education and economic prosperity, may have spurred desire for independence
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