Term
| Why did the Chesapeake colonies not prosper during the earliest years of their settlement? |
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Definition
-poor governance in early VA (founded in 1607): led to starvation and hostilities with Powhatan Indians
-founded in 1634, Maryland was supposed to be a refuge for Catholics. Early politics were plagued by religious tensions- which sometimes led to violence
-both colonies imported young, unmarried male indentured servants as laborers and suffered high mortality rates because of disease
-unruly societies with few stable families |
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Term
| How did differences in religion affect the founding of the New England colonies? |
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Definition
-religious persecution drove thousands of puritans to New England
-John Winthrop hoped that settlers would reform protestantism and create a "city on the hill"
-Puritans did not welcome dissent so they exiled people like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson for religous beliefs
-stable families and good health helped Puritans avoid social turmoil that plagued Chesapeake area |
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Term
| How did ethnic diversity shape the development of the Middle Colonies? |
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Definition
-Dutch colony of New Netherland in 1664, English renamed it New York
-Dutch remained an influential minority in NY, which helped shape politics in NY
-1681, Charles II granted William Penn (Quaker) a charter to establish Pennsylvania
-Penn guaranteed religious respect to all, which drew many immigrants to Pennsylvania |
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Term
| How was the founding of the Carolinas different from the founding of Georgia? |
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Definition
-The Carolinas: settlers from Barbados in 1670s, wealthy planters who created plantations and brought slavery with them to Carolinas
Georgia: 1732 by people as an alternative to debtors prison for impoverished englishmen and as a military outpost to guard against the spanish in Florida |
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Term
| The "headright"-receiving 50 acres of land in exchange for your service, or the service of others you brought to the New World- prompted the growth of huge estates with multiple laborers. What lifestyle did this encourage later on in Virginia? |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ was responsible for Jamestown's early survival |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ and his tobacco were what allowed Jamestown to survive and make a profit |
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Definition
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Term
| What was one good thing about the location of the Jamestown settlement? |
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Definition
| It was close to the bay, for easy unloading of cross-atlantic supplies |
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Term
| ________ developed a reputation as a haven for the troublemakers elseewhere in New England, like Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson |
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Definition
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Term
| The culture and economy, especially their dependence on slave labor, of this colonial area was heavily influenced by their influx of colonists from Barbados |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the joint-stock company make possible the launching of a new colony in VA? |
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Definition
-joint-stock company: a business organization in which many people could invest without fear of bankruptcy
-many people invested and enough money was amassed to launch a new colony in VA
-April 10, 1606, King James issues VA charter, which allowed London Company to establish plantations in VA
_Sir Thomas Smith chose the land (Jamestown) |
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Term
| What was the purpose of creating the House of Burgesses in VA? |
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Definition
| to make the colony more attractive to wealthy speculators by promising an elective representative assembly |
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Term
| How did the headright system help to establish the colony in VA? |
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Definition
| it got colonists to come to VA, because it promised a 50 acre piece of land to anyone who covered their own transportation there. It also promised additional land for each servant brought. This allowed prosperous planters to build huge estates |
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Term
| Why were most indentured servants unable to reap the benefits of coming to the New World? |
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Definition
| because powerful virginians corrupted the systems. Poor servants wanted to establish independent tobacco farms, but found that the people were indentured to often cheated them of the things promised them, and sometimes they were never freed from being an indentured servant. |
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Term
| What purpose did the Mayflower Compact serve when it was signed in 1620? |
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Definition
"covenant and combine our selves together into a civil body politick"
- signed by 41 Pilgrim men at Plymouth Rock (MA) it allowed the colonists to form a civil government and prevent anarchy |
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Term
| How did Protestant Reformation influence the Puritans? |
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Definition
-they accepted a notion in the 16th century from John Calvin that some people are predestined to salvation while others are condemned to damnation no matter how good/sinful their lives were.
-they examined themselves for signs of grace (for hints as to whether they are predestined to heaven--an elect, or to hell) |
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Term
| What were the backgrounds of the Puritans participating in the Great Migration? |
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Definition
-John Winthrop, March 1640
-over 16000 people migrated to Massachusetts Bay
-many originated for East Anglia (NE London), London, Kent, and West Country
-moved as nuclear families |
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Term
| Why did antinomianism threaten many in the Massachusetts Bay Colony? |
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Definition
"one who holds that under the gospel dispensation of grace the moral law is of no use or obligation because faith alone is necessary to salvation"
-Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams: they were exiled because they were too "radical" |
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Term
| How did the Quakers' religious beliefs differ from the Puritans? |
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Definition
-they saw no need for a learned ministry, since one's person's interpretation of Scripture was as valid as anyone else's
(antinomianism) |
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Term
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Definition
-originally claimed all of North America as its own
-St. Augustine, FL is oldest American settlement/city
-No attempt made to settle north of modern-day Florida |
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Term
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Definition
-privateer: hired to basically be a pirate
-pirate: not hired by gov. to be a pirate |
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Term
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Definition
-England, France, and the Netherlands want to get in on the action, after Spanish success.
-so they privateer Spain for a while before investing in colonies of their own |
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Term
| Elizabeth the First (1558-1603) |
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Definition
-Expressed real interest in New World colonies.
-A Discourse on Western Plantations, by Richard Hakluyt, influenced her.
-Military advantages if Atlantic coast of North America colonized. |
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Term
| Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1583) |
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Definition
-adventurer, Irish plantation owner, MP (member of Parliament), Captain of HMS Squirrel
-Established colony on Newfoundland coast.
-Arrived in dead of winter, decided the weather made living there impossible, left.
-Shipwrecked, died, near Azores Islands. |
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Term
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Definition
-modern day NC
-Funded and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh, who claimed all land north of Florida, called it “Virginia” after Queen Elizabeth.
-Colony temporarily cut off due to war with Spain, re-visited in 1590
-Everyone disappeared |
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Term
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Definition
-joint-stock companies, est. under King James I
-Large number of investors pooled resources, then shared profits in proportion to their investment.
-If venture failed, investors lost only their investment; not liable for entire company’s debt (only their share). |
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Term
| Virginia Company of London: |
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Definition
Created in 1606, to colonize the “Virginia” land claimed by Sir Walter Raleigh.
Permission from the British gov’t, not direct financial assistance.
James I issued them a charter, to found a colony along coast of Virginia. |
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Term
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Definition
December 1606, 120 men left England for Virginia.
Virginia Company employees paid with food, clothing, tools, weapons, and a percentage of eventual profits.
Three broad groups of colonists:
-Gentlemen down on their luck.
-Pardoned prisoners.
-Unemployed craftsmen. |
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Term
| Jamestown was unsuccessful at its three goals: |
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Definition
-Convert Indians to Christianity
-Find lots of gold, rub Spain’s nose in it
-Find Northwest Passage (doesn't even exist) |
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Term
| Why Jamestown was a deathtrap: |
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Definition
Location: lazy.
-Easy to moor and unload ships right there.
-Easy to defend militarily.
-James River, nearest water source, had five times the salt safe drinking water has.
-Also, they pooped in it (dysentery, typhoid germs).
-Plus free malaria, thanks to local mosquitoes.
-starving to death because none of them were really farmers |
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Term
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Definition
1608-1609, took power, imposed order.
“He who does not work, does not eat,”
2nd Thessalonians, 3:10.
He was absolutely hated for it.
Brutal, military discipline from his mercenary days.
Kept the colony from collapsing, but only barely. |
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Term
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Definition
-eerily similar story to that of other stories that John Smith told (was it true?)
-Maybe a Powhatan Confederacy initiation ritual.
-Smith didn’t write about it until 1616, nearly ten years later, letter to Queen Anne. |
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Term
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Definition
-Very unsteady peace with Powhatan Confederation.
-“Over Chief” Wahansunucawh, aka “King Powhatan”
-Pocahontas’ capture, baptism, marriage to John Rolfe (1614) brought temporary peace. (probably more like a kidnapping than a marriage)
-1622, new war starts up when Wahansunucawh dies. 350 of 1,240 colonists killed in surprise attack. |
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Term
| Leadership in the colonies: |
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Definition
Sir Thomas Dale, 1610.
“Dale’s Dictatorship,” “Dale’s Code,” first written laws.
Every colonist given military rank, subject to military discipline. Death penalty for trivial crimes.
Jobs were assigned, mandatory hours given.
Censored letters, not allowed to leave colony.
Some colonists ran away to live with the Indians, were executed. |
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Term
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Definition
1618, “Dale’s Code” repealed, Virginia Company tried to make the colony more attractive and inviting.
-Representative assembly founded.
Lawmaking still limited, subject to appointed governor’s approval.
Governor, his advisors, 22 elected colonists (called burgesses)
“House of Burgesses” |
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Term
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Definition
| brought to Jamestown by John Rolfe from Caribbean, it grew well there, and people FINALLY started to profit from Jamestown |
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Term
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Definition
married Pocahontas, not John Smith
-brought tobacco, so he saved the colony |
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