Term
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Definition
Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the est. order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.
Significance: -retained old system of politics despite growing popularity of supporting Western progress
Analyze: -alliance supposedly ensured protection of member nations on the foundation of religion and established order |
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Term
page 627
Decembrist Uprising |
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Definition
Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nickolas I
Significance: -uprising led to harsher levels of conservatism and demonstrated the rising desire of tsarist reform amongst the masses
Analyze: -fear of Nickolas I and spread of Western influence |
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Term
page 629
Crimean War
(f. 1854-1856) |
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Definition
Began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; Russia opposed by France and Britain as well; resulted in Russian defeat in the face of Western industrial tech; led to Russian reforms under tsar Alexander II
Significance: -greatly disturbed confidence of Russians and led to economic reforms
-proved technological superiority of Westerners
Analyze: -reforms not meant to copy West, but merely improve militaristic and technological standing of Russians for future endeavors |
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Term
page 630
Emancipation of serfs |
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Definition
Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land.
Significance: -serfs technically freed from servitude, but still required to pay aristocracy in order to regain land
Analyze: -Russian elite was careful to make sure the noble class was not disrupted |
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Term
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Definition
Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II (1860s); gave some Russian, particularly middle-class pros, some experience in government; councils had no impact on national policy.
Significance: -had a voice in regulating public works and some regional policies; occasionally consulted middle class for insight
Analyze: -result of tsar's new law codes, which cut back on traditional punishments of serfs |
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Term
page 631
Trans-Siberian RR |
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Definition
Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with Pacific; completed by end of 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.
Significance: -spurred significant industrialization throughout nation
-improved communication with Asian neighbors
Analyze: -stimulated iron and coal sectors, as well as grain exports; brought in major revenue
-factories (metallurgy, textiles, artisanry) sprang up |
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Term
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Definition
Russian minister of finance from 1892-1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged Western investors to build factories in Russia.
Significance: -economic modernizer who enacted major reforms such as higher export/import taxes, better banking, and encouragement for Western investment
Analyze: -all the above revisions were meant to improve Russian economy and protect industry |
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Term
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Definition
Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th-cent. group bent on radical change in Russian political and social system; often wished to maintain Russian culture distinct from that of West.
Significance: -impatient with Russian politics and lack of liberal reforms; beliefs were often deeper than those of Westerners
Analyze: -frustrated over pervasive conservatism; inspired by Western ideology but aimed to avoid European culture permeating Russian society |
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Term
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Definition
Political groups seeking abolition of all formal gov't; formed in many part of Euro and Americas in late 19th and early 20th cents; particularly prevalent in Russia, opposing tsarist autocracy and becoming a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881.
Significance: -sought to abolish all formal gov't
-hoped to gain support of peasants
Analyze: -hoped to avoid injustices of Western world
-failure to gain supporters led to terrorist movements |
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Term
page 634
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
(AKA Lenin) |
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Definition
Most active Russian Marxist leader; insisted on importance of disciplined revolutionary cells; leader of Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.
Significance: -altered Marxist theory to make it more applicable to Russian society
-stressed importance of revolutionary groups/cells
Analyze: -individual groups could maintain doctrinal purity and effective action regardless of policial and political interference
-gained support as working-class riots became more common |
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Term
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Definition
"Majority party"; most radical branch of Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin and dedicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumph in the 1917 revolution.
Significance: -led October Revolution that led to provisional gov't (1917)
-led by Lenin
Analyzed: -strongly influenced by Russian Marxist doctrine
-strengthened by hatred towards corrupt elites |
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Term
page 635
Russo-Japanese War
(1904-1905) |
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Definition
Russia vs. Japan over territory in Manchuria; Japan won largely because of its naval power; Japan annexed Korea in 1910 as a result of military dominance.
Significance: - |
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