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Chapter 26: The Urinary System
The Urinary System
32
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2011

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Term
urinary system
Definition
performs vital excretory functions and eliminates the organic waste products generated by cells throughout the body
Term
What are the functions of the urinary system?
Definition
  1. regulating plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and other ions by controlling the quantities lost in the urine
  2. regulating blood volume and blood pressure
  3. contributing to stabilization of blood pH
  4. conserving valuable nutrients by preventing their excretion in the urine
  5. eliminating organic waste products, especially nitrogenous wastes such as urea and uric acid, toxic substances, and drigs
  6. assisting the liver in detoxifying poisons and deaminating amino acids so that other tissues can break them down
Term
What are the kidneys role in the urinary system?
Definition
performs the excretory function
Term
urine
Definition
produced by the kidneys; fluid waste product containing water, ions, and small soluble compounds
Term
After leaving the kidneys, what path does urine take to reach the bladder?
Definition
leaves the kidneys and travels along the urinary tract, which consists of the paired ureters until reaching the urinary bladder where urine is temporarily stored
Term
How is the position of the kidneys in the abdominal cavity is maintained by what?
Definition
  1. the overlying peritoneum
  2. contact with adjacent visceral organs
  3. supporting connective tissues
Term
renal cortex
Definition

the outer layer of the kidney in contact with the capsule

(reddish-brown and granular)

Term
renal medulla
Definition
is internal to the cortex and consists of 6-18 distinct conical or triangular structures called renal pyramids
Term
renal lobe
Definition

contains a renal pyramid, the overlying area of renal cortex, and adjacent tissues of the renal columns

[image]

Term
nephrons
Definition
tubular structures in the cortex of each renal lobe where urine production begins
Term
renal corpuscle
Definition

filtration station of the nephron! Has two parts

  1. glomerulus
  2. bowman's capsule
filters cells and large proteins from blood (ultrafiltration)
Term
Reabsorption
Definition
  • done through the renal tubules
  • transport of molecules from the ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed
Term
renal tubules
Definition
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. loop of henle
    1. descending limb of loop
    2. ascending limb of loop
  3. distal convoluted tubule
Term
Secretion
Definition
  • done through the renal tubules
  • molecules from the blood into the urine
  • secrete about 2 liters of urine per day
  • all of these tubes are tightly controlled by hormones for homeostasis
Term
minor calyx
Definition
collects urine from medullary pyramids
Term
major calyx
Definition
collects urine from the minor calyx
Term
describe the path of urine as it leaves the medullary pyramids of the kidneys
Definition
medullary pyramids--->minor calyx--->major calyx--->renal pelvis--->ureter--->bladder
Term
nephrolithiasis
Definition
kidney stones
Term
ureterolithiasis
Definition
stones in the ureter
Term
rhinoliths
Definition

RARE

stones in the nasal passage

Term
enterolith
Definition
stone in gastrointestinal tract
Term
gastrolith
Definition
stone in stomach
Term
What are some causes of kidney stones?
Definition
  • low fluid intake
  • high dietary intake of animal protein
  • sodium, sugars, fructose
  • apple juice, cola drinks
Term
What is a treatment for kidney stones?
Definition

lithotripsy

(break down of stones with high powered waves)

Term
ureters
Definition
  • muscular tubes that extend inferiorly from the kidneys before reaching the bladder
  • pass through the bladder at an oblique angle through a slit
Term
Why is the ureteral opening a slit rather than rounded?
Definition
prevents backflow of urine toward the ureter and kidneys when the urinary bladder contracts
Term
urinary bladder
Definition

a hollow muscular organ that functions as a temporary storage reservoir for urine

(holds about a liter)

the posterior, inferior, and anterior surfaces of the bladder lie outside the peritoneal cavity

Term
urethra
Definition

extends from the neck of urinary bladder to the exterior

(the female and male urethrae differ in length and function

Term
external urethral sphincter
Definition
circular band of skeletal muscle called the urogenital diaphragm, the  sphincter has a resting muscle tone and must be voluntarily relaxed to permit urination
Term
the micturition reflex and urination
Definition
  • urine reaches the urinary bladder by the peristaltic contraction of the ureters
  • stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder are stimulated as it fills with urine
  • afferent fibers in the pelvic nerves carry the impulses generated to the sacral spinal cord
  • this facilitates parasympatheric motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord which stimulates contraction of the urinary bladder which stimulates interneurons that relay sensatuibs to the cerebral cortex
  • the urge to urinate first develops when the urinary bladder contains approx 200 mL of urine
  • voluntary urination involves conscious relaxation of the external sphincter and subconcious facilitation of the micturition reflex
  • when the external urethral sphincter relaxes, feedback through the autonomic nervous system relaxes the internal urethral sphincter
  • in the absence of voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter, reflexive relaxation of both sphincters will eventually occur as the urinary bladder nears compacity
Term
What are some effects on the urinary system as we age?
Definition
  • less efficient at filtering
  • less reabsorption of water and sodium ions occurs as a result, urination becomes more frequent, and daily fluid requirements increase
  • sphincter muscles lose muscle tone and become less effective at voluntarily retaining urine
  • this loss of tone leads to incontinence
  • bladder musculature weakens
Term
incontinence
Definition
slow leakage of urine
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