Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 26
Urinary system
110
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/04/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The right kidney is ______ than the left kidney
Definition
Lower
Term
Fibrous capsule of the kidney
Definition
Collagen directly attached to the kidney

Outer part (1/3)
Term
Perinephric fat
Definition
Surrounds the fibrous capsule

Keeps the kidneys warm
Term
Renal fascia
Definition
Dense CT layer

Anchors the kidney
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
renal cortex and pyramids of the renal medulla

Functional parts of the organ
Term
Hilum
Definition
Where vessels and ureter exit/enter

(lungs have a hilum where vessels come in/out)
Term
Cortex
Definition
Filtration of fluids to form urine

Middle part (2/3)
Term
Medulla
Definition
Collects and excretes urine

Inner part (3/3)
Term
Renal sinus
Definition
Collects the urine

Located in the center of the kidney
Term
Renal pyramid
Definition
Creates urine

Extends from the cortex into the medulla
Term
Renal papilla
Definition
End of the pyramid
Term
Renal column
Definition
Tissue between pyramids

Contains vessels
Term
Kidney lobe
Definition
Single pyramid, cortex, and column
Term
Minor calyx
Definition
Collects urine from a single kidney lobe

"Little funnel that collects the urine"
Term
Major calyx
Definition
Fusion of 4-5 minor calyxes

Drains directly into the ureter
Term
Renal pelvis
Definition
Funnel for urine our of the kidney
Term
True or false: There is no valve at the base of the ureters
Definition
True

When the bladder closes to pee, it also closes the ureters
Term
Internal urethral sphincter
Definition
Top of urethra

Closes for semen ejaculation
Term
External urethral sphincter
Definition
Base of urethra

Can physically be tightened to hold in peeing
Term
Trigone
Definition
Opening of ureters and urethra

(Two ureters at the top, one urethra at the bottom)
Term
The bladder has an average capacity of
Definition
700-800mL
Term
Micturition
Definition
Emptying the bladder

Located in the spinal cord

Can be voluntarily controlled
Term
Detrusor muscle
Definition
Relaxes the internal urethral sphincter by contracting
Term
Renal blood flow (#1)
Definition
Renal artery
Term
Renal blood flow (#2)
Definition
Segmental arteries
Term
Renal blood flow (#3)
Definition
Interlobular arteries
Term
Renal blood flow (#4)
Definition
Arcuate arteries
Term
Renal blood flow (#5)
Definition
Cortical arteries
Term
Renal blood flow (#6)
Definition
Afferent arterioles
Term
Renal blood flow (#7)
Definition
Glomerulus
Term
Renal blood flow (#8)
Definition
Efferent arterioles
Term
Renal blood flow (#9)
Definition
Peritubular capillaries
Term
Cortical nephrons
Definition
Located mostly in the cortex (85%)
Term
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Definition
Long that extend into the medulla (15%)

Allows for concentrated urine
Term
Renal corpuscle
Definition
Filters water and solutes out of the blood

First part of the nephron
Term
Renal tubule
Definition
Alters the composition of filtrate to produce urine
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
Capillary network

Connects afferent arterioles to efferent arterioles
Term
Glomerular capsule
Definition
Cup-shaped chamber to collect filtered materials
Term
Podocytes
Definition
Cells that compose the glomerulus
Term
Festration
Definition
Pore of glomerular endothelial cell

Prevents filtration of blood cells

Allows all components of blood plasma to pass through
Term
Basal lamina of glomerulus
Definition
Prevents filtration of larger proteins
Term
Slit membrane
Definition
Between pedicels

Prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins
Term
Renal tubule
Definition
Contains tubular fluid/filtrate (eventually becomes urine)

Wrapped in peritubular capillaries
Term
Filtration
Definition
BP forces water and solutes through the membranes of the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space
Term
Reabsorption
Definition
Transport of water and solutes from tubular fluid back to the blood

"Takes out what would have been urine"
Term
Secretion
Definition
Transport of solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
Term
Ultrafiltrate
Definition
Protein-free filtrate
Term
Glomerular filtration
Definition
Formation of an ultrafiltrate of plasma across the glomerular membrane
Term
How many liters of filtrate enters the glomerular capsule each day?
Definition
180L
Term
Glomerular blood pressure is _______
Definition
Higher

(Efferent arterioles are smaller than afferent arterioles)
Term
Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
Definition
55mm Hg (pushes water out)

Can be decreased by low blood pressure
Term
Capsule hydrostatic pressure
Definition
15mm Hg

The pressure can rise from backed up urine (caused by kidney stones) - causing renal failure
Term
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
Definition
30mm Hg
Term
Net filtration pressure (NFP)
Definition
10mmHg

(55mmHg - 15mmHg - 30mmHg)
Term
If blood pressure is too high, it can
Definition
Overwork the kidneys
Term
If blood pressure is too low (enough to bring the NFP below 10mmHg) it may cause
Definition
Renal failure
Term
Renal autoregulation
Definition
Occurs when the kidneys regulate GFR themselves
Term
Neural regulation
Definition
Occurs when the ANS regulates renal blood flow and GFR
Term
Hormonal regulation
Definition
Uses angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor)

Reduces GFR
Term
Macula densa cells
Definition
Monitor the pressure and flow of tubular fluid and can contract/relax afferent arteroles
Term
Out of the filtered 180L of water, ________ is reabsorbed
Definition
178-179L
Term
True or false: Glucose should be secreted by urine
Definition
False

No glucose should be secreted by urine
Term
Paracellular reabsorption
Definition
Passively reabsorbs things and occurs between adjacent tubule cells
Term
Transcellular reabsorption
Definition
Active process involving movement through an individual cell

Requires ATP
Term
____ is the reason for urine's odor and makes it turn yellow
Definition
NH4 (ammonium)
Term
Obligatory reabsorption
Definition
Water must be reabsorbed to follow the solutes
Term
Faculative reabsorption
Definition
Adapted to specific needs (depends on what was drunken that day)

Regulated by ADH and aldosterone

Occurs in the DCT and collecting duct
Term
Renal threshold
Definition
Subtance cannot be reabsorbed fast enough and will be excreted in the urine
Term
Diabetes mellitus
Definition
Glucose is said to "spill" into the urine
Term
Tubular secretion
Definition
Movement of substances from the peritubular from the peritubular capillaries which surround the nephron into the filtrate
Term
When there is more CO2 in the body, the blood pH is
Definition
Lower
Term
PCT
Definition
Reabsorbs: H2O and solutes

Secretes: H+, creatine, and drugs
Term
Descending loop
Definition
Reabsorbs H2O
Term
Ascending loop
Definition
Reabsorbs Na and Cl
Term
DCT
Definition
Reabsorbs Na, Cl, and H2O
Term
Osmolarity
Definition
Number of solutes per litre of fluid

Normally 300 osmolts at the beginning of the PCT
Term
As you go down he medulla the osmolarity ________
Definition
Increases (all the way up to 1200)
Term
The DCT is _________ to water
Definition
Impermeable
Term
Concentrated urine occurs when we
Definition
1) Sweat
2) Have a decreased blood volume
3) Have very little water
Term
Countercurrent flow
Definition
As water leaves the neprhon, it travels through the medulla and enters the blood stream

The concentration in the medulla only changes temporarily
Term
Water moves from _____ osmolarity to _____ osmolarity
Definition
Low, high
Term
Countercurrent multiplication
Definition
"As water leaves one part of the limb, water leaves from the other part"
Term
Countercurrent exchange
Definition
Provides O2 and nutrients to the renal medulla without washing out or diminishing the gradient

"Exchanged into the blood"
Term
Angiotensin II
Definition
Low BP/blood volume

Constricts the arterioles to increase BP

Decreases GFR

Stimulates the release of aldosterone
Term
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Definition
Senses angiotensin II and secretes renin
Term
Angiotensinogen
Definition
Precursor (inactivated)

Turns into Angiotensin I
Term
Angiotensin I
Definition
Travels to the lung and meets up with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

Turns into angiotensin II
Term
ADH
Definition
Low BP/blood volume in the brain will increase faculative water reabsoption

From the pituitary gland
Term
Drinking too much alcohol will inhibit
Definition
ADH secretion
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
Reabsorbs salt (water follows)

Dumps our hydrogen and potassium into the urine
Term
ANP
Definition
Secreted to relax the glomerulus when the BP is high

(Filtration & urine increases)
Term
Vasoconstriction _______ GFR
Definition
decreases
Term
Increased GFR causes increased
Definition
Urine production
Term
Urine should be more ______ than _______
Definition
Acidic, Basic
Term
Molecules that should not be present in the urine
Definition
Albumin
Glucose
RBCs
Bilirubin
Microbes/pathogens (should be sterile)
Term
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Definition
Measures nitrogen waste in the blood from breaking down AAs
Term
Serum creatine test
Definition
Measures the amount of creatine in the blood

Increases in states of renal dysfunction
Term
Acute renal failure
Definition
Filtration slows or suddenly stops

Due to drugs/ischemia/obstruction (plaque, kidney stone)/trauma
Term
Chronic renal failure
Definition
Function decreases gradually

Managed by restricting water and salt intake
Term
Hemodialysis
Definition
Artificial membrane used to regulate blood composition
Term
Peritoneal dialysis
Definition
Put into the peritoneum

The kidneys must have some function
Term
Renal calculi (Kidney stones)
Definition
Salt in the urine precipitates in into stones
Term
Polyuria
Definition
Excessive urine production
Term
Oliguria
Definition
Reduced urine production

Typically caused by a swollen prostate
Term
Anuria
Definition
Severely reduced urine production
Term
Nocturia
Definition
Change in frequency of urination

(Urinating at night)
Term
Incontinence
Definition
Inability to control urination
Term
Urinary retention
Definition
Inability to empty the bladder
Term
Hematuria
Definition
Blood in the urine
Term
Macula densa
Definition
Contracts or relaxes arterioles in response to changes in sodium chloride levels
Supporting users have an ad free experience!