Term
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Definition
| Gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiological characteristics during the period of fertilization to maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first 2 months/eight weeks after fertilization. |
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Term
| The study of events that characterize the embryo period is called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The study of events during the fetal time frame is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is prenatal development? |
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Definition
| Embryological and fetal development are sometimes referred collectively as this term. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extends from the last menstrual period until birth aka 280 days. |
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Term
| What is the first trimester? |
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Definition
| Period of embryological development and early fetal development. During this period, the rudiments of all the major organ systems appear. |
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Term
| What is the second trimester? |
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Definition
| Dominated by the development of the organs and organ systems. A process that nears completion by the end of the sixth month. During this period, body shape and proportions change by the end of this trimester it looks human. |
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Term
| What is the third trimester? |
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Definition
| Characterized by the largest gain in fetal weight. Early in the 3rd trimester, most of the major organ systems become fully fxnal. An infant born one month or even two month prematurely has a reasonable chance of survival if appropriate medical care is available. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fusion of the haploid sperm with the haploid egg to produce a ZYGOTE that contains 46 chromosome. |
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Term
| The egg is only viable for how long? |
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Definition
| 12-24 hours after ovulation. |
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Term
| Coitus must occur no more than ___ days before ovulation and no later than ___ after ovulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Only about ______ sperm in ejaculate actually make it to the uterine tubes and fewer than _____ reach the egg. |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the sperm that dont make it? |
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Definition
1.)Phagocytized
2.)Destroyed by acidity of vag
3.)Leak immdiately from bag |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| The sperms membranes must become fragile so that hydrolytic enzymes in the acrosomes can be released. |
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Term
| Where does sperm penetration occur? |
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Definition
| In the corona raidata and zona pelucida |
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Term
| How is penetration accomplished? |
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Definition
| release of hylauronidase, acrosin, etc. by sperm. |
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Term
| What is cortical reaction? |
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Definition
| Involves the release of contents of the oocytes cortical granules into the extracellular space preventing entry of more than one sperm = polyspermy. |
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Term
| Humans are _______ organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| After sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, it loses what? |
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Definition
| its tail and mid-piece which then becomes the male-pro nucleus. |
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Term
| After the sperm loses its tail and mid-picece, what happens to the 2ndary oocyte? |
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Definition
| Completes MEIOSIS II and produces the second polar body and the female pro nucleus |
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Term
| The ovum and the sperm swell to form? |
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Definition
| The male and female pronuclei which then fuses to form the pronuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of fusing the female and male pronuclei. |
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Term
| Pre-embryonic development occurs the first _____ weeks. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| As the zygote travels through the uterine tube and floats freely in the uterus. Lasts about 7 days. |
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Term
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Definition
| A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote following fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| 36 hours after fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A solid ball of cells greater or equal to than 16 cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The morula hollows out and fils with fluid then hatches from the zona pellucid. 128 cells or more. |
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Term
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Definition
| THe inner cavity of the blastocyst. |
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Term
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Definition
| Constitute the large flattened cells of the blastocyst which take part in placenta formation and secrete hCG to prompt the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone in order to maintain the endometrium. |
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Term
| What is an inner cell mass? |
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Definition
| a cluster of small rounded cells that becomes the embryonic disk |
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Term
| When does implantation occur? |
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Definition
| When the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it floats freely in the uterine cavity for two or three days, receiving nourishment form the uterine secretions. |
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Term
| 6 or 7 days after ovulation, the trophoblast cells do what? What is this called? |
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Definition
| Get embedded into the walls of the endometrium. Implantation |
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Term
| The trophoblasts proliferate to form two types of new cells called what? |
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Definition
1. Synctial Trophoblasts
2. Cytotrophoblasts |
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Term
| What is a synctial trophoblast ? |
|
Definition
| Outer layer secreting digestive enzymes and growth factors against the endometrial surface |
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Term
| What is a cytotrophoblast? |
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Definition
| Inner layer that develops into the chorion |
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Term
| As the endometrium is eroded, the blastocyst _______ into the thick lining surrounded by a pool of blood leaked from degraded blood vessels. |
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Definition
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Term
| The chorion then develops ________ _______ which extend into the endometrium where they are in contact with maternal blood. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the placenta? |
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Definition
| Exchange waste products and blood gases. |
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Term
| Chorionic villi penetrate into the ______ _____ of the endometrium and together they form the placenta. |
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Definition
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Term
| Placenta takes over what role? |
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Definition
| Secreting hCg and relaxin. Later secretes progesterone and testosterone. |
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Term
| What is the deciduas capsularis? |
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Definition
| Portion of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo. |
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Term
| The blastocyst ----> _______ in which embryonic membranes develop and the 3 primary germ layers form. |
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Definition
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Term
| The process by which the embryonic tissues are formed is called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Develop from the upper cells of the splitting inner cell mass. This sac fills with amniotic fluid that provides buoyant environment that protects the developing embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms from the lower cells of the inner cell mass. Serves to form part of the digestive tubes, produces the earliest blood cells and blood vessels and is the source of the primordial germ cells of the embryo's gonads. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms as a small out-pocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac. Acts as the structural base of the umbillical cord and becomes part of the urinary bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops from proliferating trophoblast cells and helps give rise to the placenta. |
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Term
| During the 3rd week, the primary germ layers form along the __________ ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Gives rise to the skin and nervous system. Neurulations produces the brain and spinal cord. By 8th week, all major brain regions are formed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives rise to fxnal lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urogential systems as well as to associated glands. Becomes continuous tube when the embryonic body undercuts and fuses ventrally. |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms all the other organ systems. |
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Term
| The mesoderm segregates early to create? |
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Definition
1.)Dorsal superior notochord.
2.)Paired somites that form the vertebrae, skeletal trunk muscles, and part of the dermis.
3.)Paired masses of intermediate and lateral mesoderm |
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Term
| The intermediate mass forms what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The somatic layer of the lateral mesoderm forms? |
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Definition
| dermis, parietal serosa, bones, muscles of limbs |
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Term
| The splanchnic layer of the lateral mesoderm forms? |
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Definition
| cardiovascular system and visceral serosa |
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Term
| Through the end of the embryonic period, what are the bones and muscles doing? |
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Definition
| Ossifying and contracting spontaneously |
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Term
| What is happening with the kidneys through the end of the embryonic period? |
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Definition
| Metanphridic kidneys are developing |
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Term
| What is happening with lungs and other organs through the end of embryonic period? |
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Definition
| Lungs and digestive organs are in their final shape and position. |
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Term
| ______ are formed through the end of embryonic development. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The _____ and ______ are competing with each other and form space and form a conspicuous bulge on the ventral surface. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Embryo is ____ inch long from crown to rump. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Fetal circulation has several adaptations so that the lungs and liver are largely _______ because they are non-fxnal. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ______ ______ carries oxygen and nutrient rich blood from the placenta to the fetus. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The _____ _______ carries waste-laden blood from the fetus to the placenta. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The _______ _________ and _______ _________ to partially bypass the lungs. |
|
Definition
| ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale |
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Term
| The _____ ______ allows blood to partially bypass the liver. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| At birth, the _________ _____ and _______ are occluded. |
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Definition
| umbilical vein and artery |
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Term
| The _____ _____, _______ ______, and _______ ______ also occlude at birth. |
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Definition
| ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale. |
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Term
| In weeks 9-12 what is happening in neural/spinal development? |
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Definition
| Head still dominant with brain enlargement continuing and cervical/lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord are obvious. |
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Term
| In weeks 9-12 what is happening in skin development? |
|
Definition
| Skin epidermis and dermis are obvious, crude facial features. |
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Term
| In weeks 9-12, what is happening in liver development? |
|
Definition
| Liver is prominent and bile is being secreted. smooth muscle increasing |
|
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Term
| " " ", what's happening in blood cell and bone development? |
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Definition
| Blood cells formation begins in bone marrow, notochord degernating and ossifcation accelerating. |
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Term
| In weeks 9-12, can sex be detected? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| At the end of 12 weeks, the approximate length of the fetus is ________. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| In 13-16 weeks, what has occurred? |
|
Definition
-cerebellum becomes prominent
-sensory organs differentiate
-eyes and ears assume shape
-sucking motion occurs
- face looks human body outgrows head
-glands develop in GI tract/meconium collecting
-kidneys get structure
-most bones are distinct and joint cavities are there
-length = 140mm |
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Term
| In weeks 17-20, what has occurred? |
|
Definition
-Fatty secretions from sebaceous glands and silk-like hair covers body
-Fetal position assumed
-Limbs near final proportions
-muscular activity of fetus increases
-length = 190 mm |
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Term
| In weeks 21-30 what has occured? |
|
Definition
-Increase weight
-Myelination of cords begin, eyes are open
-Distal limb bones ossify
-Skin of wrinkled/red, nails and toenails are there
-Body is lean and well proportioned
-Bone marrow becomes sole site of blood cell formation
-Testes reach scrotum in month 7
-length = 280 mm |
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Term
| In weeks 30-40, what has occurred? |
|
Definition
-Skin is whitish pink, fat laid down in subcutaneous tissue
-Final length = 360-400 mm |
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Term
| What is human placental lactogen? |
|
Definition
| Anabolic effects and promotes glucose sparing in the mother |
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Term
| What is human chorionic thyrotropin? |
|
Definition
| Similar to thyroid stimulating hormone in that it results in maternal hypermyelination |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes softening in the pubic symphysis so as to increase the flexibility during delivery. Also causes dilation of the cervix and delays the onset of contractions until late in pregnancy. |
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Term
| Maternal reproductive organs and breasts become increasingly _________ during pregnancy and the breasts enlarge. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The uterus eventually occupies nearly the entire _________________ cavity. Abdominal organs are pushed superiorly and encroach on the thoracic cavity causing the ribs to flare and breathing to become difficult. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| THe increased abdominal mass changes the woman's _______ ___ ________. Lordosis is what? |
|
Definition
| center of gravity. lordosis - inward curvature of the lumbar section of the back |
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|
Term
| What is the normal weight gain range for pregannt women? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Many women suffer from _____ _____, heartburn, and __________ during pregnancy. |
|
Definition
| morning sickness/constipation |
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Term
| THe kidneys produce more ______ and pressure on the ________ may cause frequency, urgency, and stress incontinence. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Vital capacity and respiratory rate ______ but residual volume _____. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Total body water and blood volume _______ dramatically so heart rate and pressure _______ resulting in enchancement of _______ _______. |
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Definition
| increase/increase/increase |
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|
Term
| What can cause pre-eclampsia? |
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Definition
| Hypertension. High blood pressure. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The forcible expulsion of the fetus and placenta. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Estrogen levels are sufficiently high, they induce oxytocin receptors to increase on the myometrial cells and inhibit progesterone secretion by the placenta. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Occur first. Irregular contractions. |
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Term
| Fetal cells produce ______ which stimulates _______ production by the placenta. Both stiumlate contractions. |
|
Definition
| oxytocin and prostaglandin |
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Term
| Increasing stress causes the ________ of the mother to cause _______ release by the ________ gland. |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus/oxytocin/pituitary |
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Term
| What is the first stage of labor and what happens? |
|
Definition
| Dilation stage. Rhythmic contractions occur until the cervix dilates 10 cm. The head of the fetus rotates and descends through pelvic outlet. |
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Term
| What is the 2nd stage of labor and what happens? |
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Definition
| Expulsion stage. Extends from full cervical dilation until birth of the infant. |
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Term
| What is the 3rd stage of labor and what happens? |
|
Definition
| Placental stage. Delivery of the after birth |
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Term
| What is the 4th stage of labor and what happens? |
|
Definition
| Occurs when true labor begins before the fetus has completed normal development. Premature delivery occurs usually between 28-36 weeks. |
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Term
| The breasts are prepared for lactation during pregnancy by high blood levels of what? |
|
Definition
| estrogen, progesterone, and placental lactogen. |
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Term
| _______ is important in stimulating the let-down reflex. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is produced towards the end of the pregnancy and for the first 2-3 days after birth. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ _______ is produced around day 3 in response to suckling which stimulates the hypothalamus to prompt the pituitary gland to secrete even more what? |
|
Definition
| True milk. Prolactin and oxytocin. |
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|
Term
| During nursing, what happens to ovulation/menses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bar like structure of tightyly coiled chromatin, visible during cellular division. |
|
|
Term
| What are homologous chromosomes? |
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Definition
| Chromosomes that carry the same genes and determine the same traits. In humans, we have 46 forming 23 pairs. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| of the 23 pairs, 22 pairs having nothing to do with the sex of an individual. |
|
|
Term
| What are sex chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| Of the 23 pairs, only 1 pair determines sex of the individual. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the biological units of heredity that determines the traits of an individual. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Different versions of a gene. Alleles are described as dominant or recessive. |
|
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Term
| What are dominant alleles? |
|
Definition
| Can mask the effects of other alleles such as widows peak. Designated with a capital letter. |
|
|
Term
| What are recessive alleles? |
|
Definition
| Easily masked by dominant alleles such as a straight hair line. Designated by lowercase letter. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Person's combination of alleles |
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|
Term
| What is homozygous dominant? |
|
Definition
| The person has 2 dominant alleles. AA |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| One dominant one recessive. Aa |
|
|
Term
| What is homozygous recessive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person's outward appearance expression of their genotype. |
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Term
| Homozygous dominant shows dominant trait on ______ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| homozygous recessive show recessive trait on ________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Heterozygous person shows the dominant trait on _______ because the dominant masks the recessive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is strict dominant recessive inheritance? |
|
Definition
| Common with traits like hammer thumb, rolling the tongue, hairline, PTC tasting etc. IN every case, dominant masks recessive. |
|
|
Term
| What is a punnett square? |
|
Definition
| Used to determine genetic inheritance of dominant/recessive traits. |
|
|
Term
| Punnett squares only predict the probability of having a certain percentage of offspring with a particular genotype/phenotype. T or F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The larger the number of offsprings... |
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Definition
| the more likely the ratios will conform to the predictions |
|
|
Term
| What is codominant inheritance and multiple alleles? |
|
Definition
| There are some traits that demonstrate more than one allele. Blood is common multiple allele pattern of inheritance. Two dominant alleles cannot mask eachother so they are both displayed. |
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|
Term
| What is sex-linked inheritance? |
|
Definition
| Demonstrates traits that are carried on the sex chromosome and an individual's chance of getting that trait varies with the sex of the individual. Most are carried on the x chromosome while very few are on the Y. X affects both male and female. Y only affects males because females do not receive them. |
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|
Term
| What is polygenic inheritence? |
|
Definition
| Results from several different genes at different locatons within the genetic makeup work together to produce a particular phenotype. Skin color. |
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|
Term
| The likelihood of an individual carrying a deleterious recessive gene may be assesssed by constructing a _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Performed on fetal cells to determine the presence of extra/missing/mutated chromosomes. |
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|
Term
| During amniocentesis, what can be tested? |
|
Definition
| A small amount of amniotic fluid is extracted and tested. Can diagnose some disorders from chemicals in the fluid itself while others may show up in tests performed on cultured fetal cells. |
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Term
| What happens in a chorionic villi testing? |
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Definition
| Insertion of a narrow tube through the cervix and suctions out a tiny sample of fetal tissue from the chorionic villi from the placenta. The fetal tissue samples are used to conduct immediate karyotypes. |
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|
Term
| Non-disjunctions result in? |
|
Definition
| Monosomy 2n-1 (lack a pair of chromosomes) or Trisomy 2n+1 (extra chromosome) |
|
|
Term
| What is turner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Individual has only 45 chromosomes. Females have only an X chromosome and are designated as XO. Turner females are short, broad chested, and folds of skin on the back of the neck. Reproductive organs are underdeveloped and are sterile. Occurs every 1/6,000 births. |
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|
Term
| What is Klinefelter's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| 47 rather than 46 chromosomes. Males have two X chromosomes and are designated as XXY. Males are sterile, organs are underdeveloped, no facial hair and they may experience breast enlargement. Large hands and feet, very long arms and legs. Occurs 1/1,500 births. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 47 chromosomes. Exhibit mental retardation, wide, flat faces with upper eyelid fold, short stature, abnormal palm creases. Occurs 1/800 births. |
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|
Term
| What is neurobiromatosis? |
|
Definition
| 1 in 3000 births have dominant gene on chromosome 17 that leads to the formation of benign tumors under the skin and on the bones. Elephant man. |
|
|
Term
| What is huntington's disease? |
|
Definition
| 1 in 20,000 births. Result of dominant gene on chromosome 4 and causes a progressive neurological degeneration leading to death within 10-15 years after symptoms appear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 in 2,500 caucasian births recessive gene on chromosome 7 causes thick mucus in the lungs and digestive tract making breathing and digesting difficult. Most common lethal genetic disorder among caucasians. |
|
|
Term
| What is tay-sachs disease? |
|
Definition
| 1 in 3,600 births jews. Gene on chromosome 15. Leads to neurological impairment, blindness, seizures, paralysis, and death by age 3. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 in 5,000 births. Located on chromosome 12 and results in inability to metabolize amino acid phenylalanine. Mental retardation can result. |
|
|
Term
| What is Duchene Muscular Dystrophy? |
|
Definition
| 1 in 5,000 male births. Causes muscle weakness that intensifies and usually results in death by age 20. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 in 15,000 births. Propensity for bleeding often due to lack of clotting factor. Free bleeding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Red-green colorblindness. |
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