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Chapter 26
Test 5
151
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/28/2013

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Term
What is development?
Definition
Gradual modification of anatomical structures and physiological characteristics during the period of fertilization to maturity.
Term
What is an embryo?
Definition
The first 2 months/eight weeks after fertilization.
Term
The study of events that characterize the embryo period is called?
Definition
Embryology.
Term
What is a fetus?
Definition
From 9th week - birth.
Term
The study of events during the fetal time frame is called?
Definition
Fetal development.
Term
What is prenatal development?
Definition
Embryological and fetal development are sometimes referred collectively as this term.
Term
What is gestation?
Definition
Extends from the last menstrual period until birth aka 280 days.
Term
What is the first trimester?
Definition
Period of embryological development and early fetal development. During this period, the rudiments of all the major organ systems appear.
Term
What is the second trimester?
Definition
Dominated by the development of the organs and organ systems. A process that nears completion by the end of the sixth month. During this period, body shape and proportions change by the end of this trimester it looks human.
Term
What is the third trimester?
Definition
Characterized by the largest gain in fetal weight. Early in the 3rd trimester, most of the major organ systems become fully fxnal. An infant born one month or even two month prematurely has a reasonable chance of survival if appropriate medical care is available.
Term
Infant/newborn...
Definition
at birth.
Term
What is fertilization?
Definition
Fusion of the haploid sperm with the haploid egg to produce a ZYGOTE that contains 46 chromosome.
Term
The egg is only viable for how long?
Definition
12-24 hours after ovulation.
Term
Coitus must occur no more than ___ days before ovulation and no later than ___ after ovulation.
Definition
3/24.
Term
Only about ______ sperm in ejaculate actually make it to the uterine tubes and fewer than _____ reach the egg.
Definition
10,000/100
Term
What happens to the sperm that dont make it?
Definition
1.)Phagocytized
2.)Destroyed by acidity of vag
3.)Leak immdiately from bag
Term
Fertilization requires?
Definition
capacitation.
Term
What is capacitation?
Definition
The sperms membranes must become fragile so that hydrolytic enzymes in the acrosomes can be released.
Term
Where does sperm penetration occur?
Definition
In the corona raidata and zona pelucida
Term
How is penetration accomplished?
Definition
release of hylauronidase, acrosin, etc. by sperm.
Term
What is cortical reaction?
Definition
Involves the release of contents of the oocytes cortical granules into the extracellular space preventing entry of more than one sperm = polyspermy.
Term
Humans are _______ organisms.
Definition
Monospermy
Term
After sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, it loses what?
Definition
its tail and mid-piece which then becomes the male-pro nucleus.
Term
After the sperm loses its tail and mid-picece, what happens to the 2ndary oocyte?
Definition
Completes MEIOSIS II and produces the second polar body and the female pro nucleus
Term
The ovum and the sperm swell to form?
Definition
The male and female pronuclei which then fuses to form the pronuclei.
Term
What is amphimixis?
Definition
The process of fusing the female and male pronuclei.
Term
Pre-embryonic development occurs the first _____ weeks.
Definition
2
Term
Cleavage occurs when?
Definition
As the zygote travels through the uterine tube and floats freely in the uterus. Lasts about 7 days.
Term
What is cleavage?
Definition
A period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote following fertilization
Term
2-cell state at about...
Definition
36 hours after fertilization
Term
4-cell stage at about...
Definition
48 hours " "
Term
8-cell stage at about...
Definition
72 hours " "
Term
Morula is?
Definition
A solid ball of cells greater or equal to than 16 cells.
Term
A blastocyst is?
Definition
The morula hollows out and fils with fluid then hatches from the zona pellucid. 128 cells or more.
Term
What is blastocoel?
Definition
THe inner cavity of the blastocyst.
Term
What is trophoblasts?
Definition
Constitute the large flattened cells of the blastocyst which take part in placenta formation and secrete hCG to prompt the corpus luteum to continue secreting progesterone in order to maintain the endometrium.
Term
What is an inner cell mass?
Definition
a cluster of small rounded cells that becomes the embryonic disk
Term
When does implantation occur?
Definition
When the blastocyst reaches the uterus, it floats freely in the uterine cavity for two or three days, receiving nourishment form the uterine secretions.
Term
6 or 7 days after ovulation, the trophoblast cells do what? What is this called?
Definition
Get embedded into the walls of the endometrium. Implantation
Term
The trophoblasts proliferate to form two types of new cells called what?
Definition
1. Synctial Trophoblasts
2. Cytotrophoblasts
Term
What is a synctial trophoblast ?
Definition
Outer layer secreting digestive enzymes and growth factors against the endometrial surface
Term
What is a cytotrophoblast?
Definition
Inner layer that develops into the chorion
Term
As the endometrium is eroded, the blastocyst _______ into the thick lining surrounded by a pool of blood leaked from degraded blood vessels.
Definition
burrows
Term
The chorion then develops ________ _______ which extend into the endometrium where they are in contact with maternal blood.
Definition
chorionic villi.
Term
What is the function of the placenta?
Definition
Exchange waste products and blood gases.
Term
Chorionic villi penetrate into the ______ _____ of the endometrium and together they form the placenta.
Definition
deciduas basalis
Term
Placenta takes over what role?
Definition
Secreting hCg and relaxin. Later secretes progesterone and testosterone.
Term
What is the deciduas capsularis?
Definition
Portion of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.
Term
The blastocyst ----> _______ in which embryonic membranes develop and the 3 primary germ layers form.
Definition
gastrula
Term
The process by which the embryonic tissues are formed is called?
Definition
gastrulation
Term
What is the amnion?
Definition
Develop from the upper cells of the splitting inner cell mass. This sac fills with amniotic fluid that provides buoyant environment that protects the developing embryo.
Term
What is the yolk sac?
Definition
Forms from the lower cells of the inner cell mass. Serves to form part of the digestive tubes, produces the earliest blood cells and blood vessels and is the source of the primordial germ cells of the embryo's gonads.
Term
What is the allantois?
Definition
Forms as a small out-pocketing at the caudal end of the yolk sac. Acts as the structural base of the umbillical cord and becomes part of the urinary bladder.
Term
What is the chorion?
Definition
Develops from proliferating trophoblast cells and helps give rise to the placenta.
Term
During the 3rd week, the primary germ layers form along the __________ ______.
Definition
embryonic disk.
Term
What is the ectoderm?
Definition
Gives rise to the skin and nervous system. Neurulations produces the brain and spinal cord. By 8th week, all major brain regions are formed.
Term
What is the endoderm?
Definition
Gives rise to fxnal lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urogential systems as well as to associated glands. Becomes continuous tube when the embryonic body undercuts and fuses ventrally.
Term
What is the mesoderm?
Definition
Forms all the other organ systems.
Term
The mesoderm segregates early to create?
Definition
1.)Dorsal superior notochord.
2.)Paired somites that form the vertebrae, skeletal trunk muscles, and part of the dermis.
3.)Paired masses of intermediate and lateral mesoderm
Term
The intermediate mass forms what?
Definition
kidneys and gonads
Term
The somatic layer of the lateral mesoderm forms?
Definition
dermis, parietal serosa, bones, muscles of limbs
Term
The splanchnic layer of the lateral mesoderm forms?
Definition
cardiovascular system and visceral serosa
Term
Through the end of the embryonic period, what are the bones and muscles doing?
Definition
Ossifying and contracting spontaneously
Term
What is happening with the kidneys through the end of the embryonic period?
Definition
Metanphridic kidneys are developing
Term
What is happening with lungs and other organs through the end of embryonic period?
Definition
Lungs and digestive organs are in their final shape and position.
Term
______ are formed through the end of embryonic development.
Definition
gonads
Term
The _____ and ______ are competing with each other and form space and form a conspicuous bulge on the ventral surface.
Definition
Heart and liver
Term
Embryo is ____ inch long from crown to rump.
Definition
1 inch
Term
Fetal circulation has several adaptations so that the lungs and liver are largely _______ because they are non-fxnal.
Definition
bipassed
Term
The ______ ______ carries oxygen and nutrient rich blood from the placenta to the fetus.
Definition
umbillical vein
Term
The _____ _______ carries waste-laden blood from the fetus to the placenta.
Definition
umbilical arteries
Term
The _______ _________ and _______ _________ to partially bypass the lungs.
Definition
ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
Term
The _____ ______ allows blood to partially bypass the liver.
Definition
ductus venosus
Term
At birth, the _________ _____ and _______ are occluded.
Definition
umbilical vein and artery
Term
The _____ _____, _______ ______, and _______ ______ also occlude at birth.
Definition
ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, and foramen ovale.
Term
In weeks 9-12 what is happening in neural/spinal development?
Definition
Head still dominant with brain enlargement continuing and cervical/lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord are obvious.
Term
In weeks 9-12 what is happening in skin development?
Definition
Skin epidermis and dermis are obvious, crude facial features.
Term
In weeks 9-12, what is happening in liver development?
Definition
Liver is prominent and bile is being secreted. smooth muscle increasing
Term
" " ", what's happening in blood cell and bone development?
Definition
Blood cells formation begins in bone marrow, notochord degernating and ossifcation accelerating.
Term
In weeks 9-12, can sex be detected?
Definition
Yes
Term
At the end of 12 weeks, the approximate length of the fetus is ________.
Definition
90mm
Term
In 13-16 weeks, what has occurred?
Definition
-cerebellum becomes prominent
-sensory organs differentiate
-eyes and ears assume shape
-sucking motion occurs
- face looks human body outgrows head
-glands develop in GI tract/meconium collecting
-kidneys get structure
-most bones are distinct and joint cavities are there
-length = 140mm
Term
In weeks 17-20, what has occurred?
Definition
-Fatty secretions from sebaceous glands and silk-like hair covers body
-Fetal position assumed
-Limbs near final proportions
-muscular activity of fetus increases
-length = 190 mm
Term
In weeks 21-30 what has occured?
Definition
-Increase weight
-Myelination of cords begin, eyes are open
-Distal limb bones ossify
-Skin of wrinkled/red, nails and toenails are there
-Body is lean and well proportioned
-Bone marrow becomes sole site of blood cell formation
-Testes reach scrotum in month 7
-length = 280 mm
Term
In weeks 30-40, what has occurred?
Definition
-Skin is whitish pink, fat laid down in subcutaneous tissue
-Final length = 360-400 mm
Term
What is human placental lactogen?
Definition
Anabolic effects and promotes glucose sparing in the mother
Term
What is human chorionic thyrotropin?
Definition
Similar to thyroid stimulating hormone in that it results in maternal hypermyelination
Term
What is relaxin?
Definition
Causes softening in the pubic symphysis so as to increase the flexibility during delivery. Also causes dilation of the cervix and delays the onset of contractions until late in pregnancy.
Term
Maternal reproductive organs and breasts become increasingly _________ during pregnancy and the breasts enlarge.
Definition
Vascularized
Term
The uterus eventually occupies nearly the entire _________________ cavity. Abdominal organs are pushed superiorly and encroach on the thoracic cavity causing the ribs to flare and breathing to become difficult.
Definition
abdominopelvic
Term
THe increased abdominal mass changes the woman's _______ ___ ________. Lordosis is what?
Definition
center of gravity. lordosis - inward curvature of the lumbar section of the back
Term
What is the normal weight gain range for pregannt women?
Definition
15-30 pounds.
Term
Many women suffer from _____ _____, heartburn, and __________ during pregnancy.
Definition
morning sickness/constipation
Term
THe kidneys produce more ______ and pressure on the ________ may cause frequency, urgency, and stress incontinence.
Definition
urine/bladder
Term
Vital capacity and respiratory rate ______ but residual volume _____.
Definition
increases/decreases
Term
What is dyspnea?
Definition
shortness of breath
Term
Total body water and blood volume _______ dramatically so heart rate and pressure _______ resulting in enchancement of _______ _______.
Definition
increase/increase/increase
Term
What can cause pre-eclampsia?
Definition
Hypertension. High blood pressure.
Term
What is parturition?
Definition
The forcible expulsion of the fetus and placenta.
Term
What initiates labor?
Definition
Estrogen levels are sufficiently high, they induce oxytocin receptors to increase on the myometrial cells and inhibit progesterone secretion by the placenta.
Term
What are Braxton Hicks?
Definition
Occur first. Irregular contractions.
Term
Fetal cells produce ______ which stimulates _______ production by the placenta. Both stiumlate contractions.
Definition
oxytocin and prostaglandin
Term
Increasing stress causes the ________ of the mother to cause _______ release by the ________ gland.
Definition
hypothalamus/oxytocin/pituitary
Term
What is the first stage of labor and what happens?
Definition
Dilation stage. Rhythmic contractions occur until the cervix dilates 10 cm. The head of the fetus rotates and descends through pelvic outlet.
Term
What is the 2nd stage of labor and what happens?
Definition
Expulsion stage. Extends from full cervical dilation until birth of the infant.
Term
What is the 3rd stage of labor and what happens?
Definition
Placental stage. Delivery of the after birth
Term
What is the 4th stage of labor and what happens?
Definition
Occurs when true labor begins before the fetus has completed normal development. Premature delivery occurs usually between 28-36 weeks.
Term
The breasts are prepared for lactation during pregnancy by high blood levels of what?
Definition
estrogen, progesterone, and placental lactogen.
Term
_______ is important in stimulating the let-down reflex.
Definition
Oxytocin.
Term
________ is produced towards the end of the pregnancy and for the first 2-3 days after birth.
Definition
Colostrum.
Term
______ _______ is produced around day 3 in response to suckling which stimulates the hypothalamus to prompt the pituitary gland to secrete even more what?
Definition
True milk. Prolactin and oxytocin.
Term
During nursing, what happens to ovulation/menses?
Definition
absent or irregular
Term
What is a chromosome?
Definition
A bar like structure of tightyly coiled chromatin, visible during cellular division.
Term
What are homologous chromosomes?
Definition
Chromosomes that carry the same genes and determine the same traits. In humans, we have 46 forming 23 pairs.
Term
What are autosomes?
Definition
of the 23 pairs, 22 pairs having nothing to do with the sex of an individual.
Term
What are sex chromosomes?
Definition
Of the 23 pairs, only 1 pair determines sex of the individual.
Term
What is a gene?
Definition
One of the biological units of heredity that determines the traits of an individual.
Term
What are alleles?
Definition
Different versions of a gene. Alleles are described as dominant or recessive.
Term
What are dominant alleles?
Definition
Can mask the effects of other alleles such as widows peak. Designated with a capital letter.
Term
What are recessive alleles?
Definition
Easily masked by dominant alleles such as a straight hair line. Designated by lowercase letter.
Term
What is a genotype?
Definition
Person's combination of alleles
Term
What is homozygous dominant?
Definition
The person has 2 dominant alleles. AA
Term
What is heterozygous?
Definition
One dominant one recessive. Aa
Term
What is homozygous recessive?
Definition
2 recessive alleles. aa.
Term
What is a phenotype?
Definition
A person's outward appearance expression of their genotype.
Term
Homozygous dominant shows dominant trait on ______
Definition
outside
Term
homozygous recessive show recessive trait on ________
Definition
outside
Term
Heterozygous person shows the dominant trait on _______ because the dominant masks the recessive.
Definition
outside
Term
What is strict dominant recessive inheritance?
Definition
Common with traits like hammer thumb, rolling the tongue, hairline, PTC tasting etc. IN every case, dominant masks recessive.
Term
What is a punnett square?
Definition
Used to determine genetic inheritance of dominant/recessive traits.
Term
Punnett squares only predict the probability of having a certain percentage of offspring with a particular genotype/phenotype. T or F
Definition
T
Term
The larger the number of offsprings...
Definition
the more likely the ratios will conform to the predictions
Term
What is codominant inheritance and multiple alleles?
Definition
There are some traits that demonstrate more than one allele. Blood is common multiple allele pattern of inheritance. Two dominant alleles cannot mask eachother so they are both displayed.
Term
What is sex-linked inheritance?
Definition
Demonstrates traits that are carried on the sex chromosome and an individual's chance of getting that trait varies with the sex of the individual. Most are carried on the x chromosome while very few are on the Y. X affects both male and female. Y only affects males because females do not receive them.
Term
What is polygenic inheritence?
Definition
Results from several different genes at different locatons within the genetic makeup work together to produce a particular phenotype. Skin color.
Term
The likelihood of an individual carrying a deleterious recessive gene may be assesssed by constructing a _______.
Definition
pedigree
Term
Karyotypes are?
Definition
Performed on fetal cells to determine the presence of extra/missing/mutated chromosomes.
Term
During amniocentesis, what can be tested?
Definition
A small amount of amniotic fluid is extracted and tested. Can diagnose some disorders from chemicals in the fluid itself while others may show up in tests performed on cultured fetal cells.
Term
What happens in a chorionic villi testing?
Definition
Insertion of a narrow tube through the cervix and suctions out a tiny sample of fetal tissue from the chorionic villi from the placenta. The fetal tissue samples are used to conduct immediate karyotypes.
Term
Non-disjunctions result in?
Definition
Monosomy 2n-1 (lack a pair of chromosomes) or Trisomy 2n+1 (extra chromosome)
Term
What is turner's syndrome?
Definition
Individual has only 45 chromosomes. Females have only an X chromosome and are designated as XO. Turner females are short, broad chested, and folds of skin on the back of the neck. Reproductive organs are underdeveloped and are sterile. Occurs every 1/6,000 births.
Term
What is Klinefelter's syndrome?
Definition
47 rather than 46 chromosomes. Males have two X chromosomes and are designated as XXY. Males are sterile, organs are underdeveloped, no facial hair and they may experience breast enlargement. Large hands and feet, very long arms and legs. Occurs 1/1,500 births.
Term
What is down syndrome?
Definition
47 chromosomes. Exhibit mental retardation, wide, flat faces with upper eyelid fold, short stature, abnormal palm creases. Occurs 1/800 births.
Term
What is neurobiromatosis?
Definition
1 in 3000 births have dominant gene on chromosome 17 that leads to the formation of benign tumors under the skin and on the bones. Elephant man.
Term
What is huntington's disease?
Definition
1 in 20,000 births. Result of dominant gene on chromosome 4 and causes a progressive neurological degeneration leading to death within 10-15 years after symptoms appear.
Term
What is cystic fibrosis?
Definition
1 in 2,500 caucasian births recessive gene on chromosome 7 causes thick mucus in the lungs and digestive tract making breathing and digesting difficult. Most common lethal genetic disorder among caucasians.
Term
What is tay-sachs disease?
Definition
1 in 3,600 births jews. Gene on chromosome 15. Leads to neurological impairment, blindness, seizures, paralysis, and death by age 3.
Term
What is PKU?
Definition
1 in 5,000 births. Located on chromosome 12 and results in inability to metabolize amino acid phenylalanine. Mental retardation can result.
Term
What is Duchene Muscular Dystrophy?
Definition
1 in 5,000 male births. Causes muscle weakness that intensifies and usually results in death by age 20.
Term
What is hemophilia A?
Definition
1 in 15,000 births. Propensity for bleeding often due to lack of clotting factor. Free bleeding.
Term
What is color-blindness?
Definition
Red-green colorblindness.
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